Derivation of walk-in cooler and freezer Performance Standard equations as they pertain to the ANSI

516 Pages·2012·7.06 MB·English

DERIVATION OF WALK-IN COOLER AND FREEZER PERFORMANCE
STANDARD EQUATIONS AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE
ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1250 AND 1251

A THESIS IN
Mechanical Engineering

Presented to the Faculty of the University
of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE

by
BRYAN CURTIS SARTIN

B.S., University of Missouri – Rolla, 2008

Kansas City, Missouri
2012
© 2012
BRYAN CURTIS SARTIN
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
DERIVATION OF WALK-IN COOLER AND FREEZER PERFORMANCE
STANDARD EQUATIONS AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE
ANSI/AHRI STANDARD 1250 AND 1251

Bryan Curtis Sartin, Candidate for the Master of Science Degree

University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2012

ABSTRACT

The ANSI/AHRI1 Standard 1250/1251 Performance Rating of Walk-In Coolers and
Freezers strives to standardize refrigeration equipment performance rating. According to
the Standard, refrigeration equipment is tested in a laboratory setting using a defined test
method. An existing algorithm is used to calculate the Annual Walk-in Energy Factor
(AWEF) which serves as a comparison of energy efficiency between equipment. In this
work the algorithm was modified in an attempt to more closely approximate actual
refrigeration system operation.
To calculate the AWEF, a walk-in box load profile and a ratio of the equipment
capacity to the refrigeration load are assumed by the Standard. An extensive literature

1 American National Standard Institute (ANSI)/ Air-Conditioning, Heating, and
Refrigeration Institute (AHRI).
iii
review of ninety-eight articles was performed to address these assumptions. Information
was categorized and analyzed for each load component, including lighting, occupancy,
product, infiltration, conduction, and miscellaneous loads. Additional information was
collected on refrigeration system design and operation. A model load profile was
developed from which a revised AWEF algorithm was obtained.
Simulations were performed on four walk-in refrigeration units to validate the
revised calculation method. Raw results show improved correlation of compressor runtime,
because a specific compressor runtime was targeted, reducing variation between hourly
simulations and the 1250 calculation from -29.9% with the AHRI 1250 calculation (Becker
et al. 2011) to 1.1% with the Proposed 1250 calculation. AWEF correlation between hourly
simulations and the 1250 calculation degraded from -7.4% with the AHRI 1250 calculation
(Becker et al. 2011) to 15.9% with the Proposed 1250 calculation. Plotting the results for
the AWEF and compressor runtime correlation versus variation in the box load, between
the hourly simulation and Proposed 1250 calculation results, revealed an issue with the
compressor runtime calculation. At a box load variation of zero, the Proposed 1250 AWEF
correlation is improved to -2.4%, and the Proposed 1250 compressor runtime correlation is
degraded to -14.6%. If a specific compressor runtime had not been targeted, the AWEF
correlation for each simulation set would have been improved. To summarize, the Proposed
1250 equations yield an improved AWEF calculation but do not accurately calculate the
corresponding compressor runtime.
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APPROVAL PAGE

The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the School of Computing and
Engineering have examined a thesis titled “Derivation of Walk-in Cooler and Freezer
Performance Standard Equations as they Pertain to the ANSI/AHRI Standard 1250 and
1251”, presented by Bryan C. Sartin, candidate for the Master of Science degree, and
certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance.

Supervisory Committee

Bryan Becker, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASME
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Ganesh Thiagarajan, Ph.D, P.E.
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

Gregory King, Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................................xiv
LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................xxvi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. xxxv
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1
Walk-in Refrigeration ........................................................................................... 1
ANSI/AHRI 1250/1251 Standard ......................................................................... 3
2. REVIEW OF CURRENT WORK .............................................................................. 6
3. LITERATURE REVIEW AND INDUSTRY INVESTIGATION .......................... 12
Review of General Refrigeration ........................................................................ 13
Refrigeration System Design ........................................................................ 13
(Huan 2008) ............................................................................................ 13
(Bansal and Jain 2007) ............................................................................ 14
(SCE 2009) ............................................................................................. 14
General Load Details .................................................................................... 16
(Sherif et al. 2002) .................................................................................. 16
(PG&E 2007) .......................................................................................... 18
Product Load ................................................................................................. 24
(Gortner et al. 1948)................................................................................ 24
(Hustrulid and Winters 1943) ................................................................. 25
vi
(Woodroof and Shelor 1947) .................................................................. 25
(Becker and Fricke 1996a) ...................................................................... 26
(Love and Cleland 2007) ........................................................................ 26
Evaporator Application and Defrost ............................................................. 27
(Nelson) .................................................................................................. 27
(O'Hagan et al. 1993) .............................................................................. 28
(Cleland and O'Hagan 2003) .................................................................. 30
(Mago and Sherif 2005) .......................................................................... 32
Infiltration Load ............................................................................................ 34
(Takahashi and Inoh 1963) ..................................................................... 34
(Gosney and Olama 1975) ...................................................................... 34
(Longdill and Wyborn 1978) .................................................................. 37
(Jones et al. 1983) ................................................................................... 40
(Pham and Oliver 1983) .......................................................................... 41
(Hendrix et al. 1989) ............................................................................... 45
(Foster et al. 2003) .................................................................................. 48
(Elsayed 1998) ........................................................................................ 49
(Chen et al. 2002; Cleland et al. 2004) ................................................... 52
Review of Industrial Refrigeration ..................................................................... 58
Refrigeration System Design ........................................................................ 58
(Cooper 1973) ......................................................................................... 58
(Krack 1977) ........................................................................................... 60
(Stoecker 1998) ....................................................................................... 67
vii
(Zhang and Groll 2005) .......................................................................... 78
(Stegmann 2000) ..................................................................................... 81
(USDA 2010) .......................................................................................... 82
General Load Details .................................................................................... 83
(Kun et al. 2007) ..................................................................................... 83
(Ashby et al. 1979).................................................................................. 83
(Cleland 1983) ........................................................................................ 84
(Navy 1986) ............................................................................................ 85
(Adre and Hellickson 1989) .................................................................... 89
(Altwies 1998; Altwies and Reindl 1999) .............................................. 90
(Manske 1999) ........................................................................................ 96
(Stoeckle 2000) ..................................................................................... 103
(Stoeckle et al. 2002) ............................................................................ 106
(Magoo 2003) ....................................................................................... 107
(Roy 2010) ............................................................................................ 112
Lighting Load ............................................................................................. 113
(Rea 2000)............................................................................................. 113
Product Load ............................................................................................... 113
(Aparicio-Cuesta and Garcia-Moreno 1988) ........................................ 113
(Wade 1984) ......................................................................................... 113
(Devres and Bishop 1995) .................................................................... 114
(CIGR 1999) ......................................................................................... 116
(Chourasia and Goswami 2007) ........................................................... 121
viii
Infiltration Load .......................................................................................... 123
(Hayes and Stoecker 1969) ................................................................... 123
(Cole 1987) ........................................................................................... 124
(Chen et al. 1999).................................................................................. 128
(Reindl and Jekel 2008) ........................................................................ 131
Review of Commercial Refrigeration ............................................................... 131
Refrigeration System Design ...................................................................... 132
(Knudsen and Pachai 2004) .................................................................. 132
(Walker 1992) ....................................................................................... 132
(Patel et al. 1993) .................................................................................. 135
(Sezgen and Koomey 1995) .................................................................. 138
(Westphalen et al. 1996) ....................................................................... 139
(Sami and Tulej 1996) .......................................................................... 143
(Sand et al. 1997) .................................................................................. 144
(Kimber 1998)....................................................................................... 146
(Walker 2001) ....................................................................................... 147
(Nagaraju et al. 2001) ........................................................................... 157
(Marchese 2002) ................................................................................... 158
(Walker and Baxter 2002)..................................................................... 158
(Christensen and Bertilsen 2004) .......................................................... 161
(Sekhar et al. 2004) ............................................................................... 162
(Sekhar and Lal 2005)........................................................................... 162
(Arias 2005; Arias and Lundqvist 2006) .............................................. 163
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(Zhang 2006)......................................................................................... 166
(Hwang et al. 2007) .............................................................................. 171
(Sugiartha et al. 2009) ........................................................................... 171
(Royal 2010) ......................................................................................... 172
(Morris 2012) ........................................................................................ 175
General Load Details .................................................................................. 176
(Walker et al. 1990) .............................................................................. 176
(Anonymous 2004) ............................................................................... 182
(PG&E 2004) ........................................................................................ 182
(Heatcraft 2008) .................................................................................... 183
(SCE 2008) ........................................................................................... 191
(Goetzler et al. 2009) ............................................................................ 192
(DOE 2010b)......................................................................................... 195
(DOE 2010c) ......................................................................................... 199
(Becker et al. 2011) ............................................................................... 200
(Blackmore 2012) ................................................................................. 203
Ground Temperature ................................................................................... 204
(DOE 2010a) ......................................................................................... 204
(Newell 2011) ....................................................................................... 204
(Somrani et al. 2008) ............................................................................ 205
(Chuangchid and Krarti 2001) .............................................................. 205
Evaporator Application and Defrost ........................................................... 206
(Smith 1989a) ....................................................................................... 206
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