Deploying IPv6 in Broadband Access Networks

220 Pages·15.264 MB·English

by  Adeel Ahmed, Salman Asadullah(auth.)

DEPLOYING IP 6 IN
V
BROADBAND ACCESS
NETWORKS
DEPLOYING IP 6 IN
V
BROADBAND ACCESS
NETWORKS
Adeel Ahmed
Salman Asadullah
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Ahmed,Adeel.
DeployingIPv6inbroadbandaccessnetworks/
AdeelAhmedandSalmanAsadullah
Includesbibliographicreferencesandindex
ISBN978-0-470-19338-9
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Idedicatethisbooktomyparentsforeverythingtheyhavedoneforme;Icould
neverrepaythem.Tomywife:forherlove,support,andpatiencethroughoutthe
writingofthisbook.Tomylovelychildren:Asad,Aashir,andZeerak,youaremy
inspiration and my pride and joy. I love you all very much.
I would also like to dedicate the book to all the people suffering in this world
and to those people who work endlessly to help others and to make the world a
better place.
Adeel Ahmed
Idedicatethisbooktoallwhoaresufferingandgoingthroughtribulations,and
tothosewhoareworkingtorelievethoseinpainandsuffering.Ialsodedicatethis
work to my loving parents, brothers, and two lights of my life: Bahira and
Fatimah!
Salman Asadullah
CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Authors, Contributors, and Reviewers xvi
1 IPv6 Drivers in Broadband Networks 1
1.1 IPv6-Based Services 2
1.2 Broadband Access Models 3
1.2.1 ISP-Operated Deployment Model 5
1.2.2 Wholesale Deployment Model 6
1.3 Summary 7
References 7
2 IPv6 Overview 9
2.1 IPv6 Protocol Basics 9
2.1.1 IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison 9
2.1.2 IPv6 Extension Headers 11
2.1.3 IPv6 Addressing 12
2.1.4 ICMPv6 19
2.1.5 Neighbor Discovery 20
2.1.6 Secure Neighbor Discovery 27
2.1.7 Provisioning 27
2.2 Summary 34
References 35
3 Deploying IPv6 in Cable Networks 37
3.1 Cable Network Elements 37
3.2 Cable Networks Today 38
3.2.1 Bridged CMTS Networks 39
3.2.2 Routed CMTS Networks 42
3.3 Summary 58
References 58
vii
viii CONTENTS
4 IPv6 Deployment in DSL, ETTH, and Wireless Networks 61
4.1 New Remote Access Architecture for IPv6 61
4.2 DSL Networks 61
4.2.1 DSL Network Elements 62
4.2.2 DSL Service Models 64
4.2.3 Protocol Considerations 67
4.2.4 DSL Network Access Technologies 69
4.2.5 PPP Options 70
4.2.6 Addressing and Routing 71
4.2.7 Routing Considerations 72
4.2.8 Routed Bridged Encapsulation 74
4.2.9 IPv6 Security in DSL Networks 74
4.3 Ethernet Networks 75
4.3.1 Ethernet Network Elements 76
4.3.2 Ethernet Deployment Options 76
4.3.3 Subscriber Identification 79
4.3.4 IPv6 Security in Ethernet Networks 79
4.4 IEEE 802.11A/B/G Wireless Networks 80
4.4.1 Wireless Network Elements 81
4.4.2 Layer2 NAP with Layer3 Termination at ER 81
4.4.3 Layer3-Aware NAP with Layer3 Termination at AR 84
4.4.4 IPv6 Security in Wireless Networks 85
4.5 Summary 85
References 86
5 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Gateway Routers
and Hosts 89
5.1 IPv6 Support on Gateway Routers 91
5.2 IPv6 Support on Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows
Server 2003 and 2008 95
5.2.1 IPv6 Deployment Options on Windows XP, Windows
Vista, and Windows Server 2003 and 2008 96
5.3 IPv6 Support on Linux 105
5.3.1 Deploying IPv6 on Linux 105
5.4 IPv6 Support on MAC OS X 107
5.4.1 Enabling IPv6 on MAC OS X 108
5.4.2 Tunneling IPv6 on MAC OS X 109
5.5 PPPv6 Support on MAC OS X 110
5.6 IPv6 Support on Solaris 110
5.6.1 Manually Activating IPv6 on Solaris 111
5.6.2 Tunneling IPv6 on Solaris 111
CONTENTS ix
5.7 Troubleshooting IPv6 on GWR and Hosts 113
5.8 Summary 115
References 115
6 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Edge Routers 117
6.1 IPv6 Configuration on the Edge Router 117
6.1.1 Enabling IPv6 on ER 117
6.1.2 Configuring ER Upstream Interfaces 118
6.1.3 Configuring SP ER Downstream Interfaces 124
6.2 Summary 154
References 155
7 Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 on Provisioning
Servers 157
7.1 IPv6 Support on DHCP Servers 157
7.1.1 DHCPv6 Support in a Cisco Network
Registrar 157
7.1.2 Configuring DHCPv6 on CNR 158
7.1.3 Troubleshooting a CNR DHCPv6 Server 167
7.2 IPv6 Support on DNS Servers 170
7.2.1 IPv6 Support on a DNS Server in a Cisco Network
Registrar 170
7.2.2 Configuring a CNR DNS Server for IPv6 170
7.2.3 Troubleshooting a CNR DNS Server 175
7.3 IPv6 Support on TFTP Servers 177
7.3.1 Enabling TFTPv6 on Solaris 10 177
7.3.2 Troubleshooting TFTPv6 179
7.4 IPv6 Support on AAA and RADIUS Servers 180
7.4.1 Generic AAA Configuration on an ER 181
7.5 Troubleshooting IPv6 on an ER and on RADIUS AAA
Servers 186
7.5.1 Troubleshooting AAA and IPv6 Configurations on
an ER 186
7.5.2 Troubleshooting User Profile and VSA Configurations
on a RADIUS AAA Server 187
7.6 Summary 188
References 189
8 Conclusion 191
8.1 IPv6 Addressing Considerations 191
8.2 IPv4-IPv6 and IPv6-IPv6 Interworking 192
x CONTENTS
8.3 Subscriber Logging 192
8.4 Recovery Options 193
8.5 Summary 194
Appendix A IPv6 Case Study 195
Appendix B DHCPv6 Message Types and Option Codes 207
Index 211
FOREWORD
TheInternetisbecomingautilitywithanestimated1.5billionusers,commonly
referred to as ‘‘netizens,’’ around the world. This large user base is surpassed
only by the 3.5 billion mobile (cell) phone users on the planet. Approximately
10% of cell phones in use today are ‘‘smart phones,’’ which also provide
Internetservices.TheInternetbackboneisquiterobust;however,thelastmile
of the access layer is made up of a fragmented delivery system ranging from
very low speed to high-speed (1 Gbps) connections. To put things in perspec-
tive, a 1-Gbps connection will allow downloading of a James Bond movie in
about20seconds.High-speeddownloadallowsbetteruseofInternetresources
thandoeslivestreaming,whichisresourceintensiveduetotimeconstraintson
packet delivery and reordering.
Broadband provides the Internet with an opportunity to become a robust
utility similar to the TV networks. It is interesting to note that TV networks
weredesignedwithenoughcapacitytomatchviewerexpectationsforqualityof
experience.Thenextstageintheevolutionofbroadbandaccessistomovefrom
asymmetric to symmetric provisioning, thus allowing consumers to download
and upload at the same speed. IPv6 provides a large address capacity and will
be ideal for a commodity addressing scheme that will enable two-way always-
on, Internet services. This scenario will signify the most important shift in
adoptionoftheInternet,byempoweringuserstobecome‘‘full-timeresidents’’
insteadofsimplysporadicin-and-outconsumers.TheevolvingInternetoffersa
bright future by transforming casual users in TV broadcasters, reporters, and
remote entertainers, and by creating new jobs and providing unprecedented
opportunitiesthat traditionallyrequired expensivesupport infrastructure.The
deployment of IPv6 has become an issue of strategic importance for many
national economies. Telecom operators and Internet service providers (ISPs)
are key players in facilitating the deployment of IPv6 on broadband access
networksamidtheobviouscomplexitiesofcoexistingwithorreplacing widely
deployed IPv4 services. Evidently, telecom operators and ISPs have to take
steps to ensure a workable transition strategy that involves transparent
interoperability and integration of mature and advanced applications over
bothIPv4andIPv6.thisstrategywillenableacombinationofservicesthatwill
allow service providers to explore and exploit richer services offered by IPv6
during a potentially long transition from IPv4. This will also lead to new
businessmodelsthatwillgeneratereturnoninvestmentwithoutwaitingforthe
ubiquitous deployment of IPv6.
xi
xii FOREWORD
The IPv4 address space is virtually depleted, with just over 14% capacity
remaining, and is expected to run out by the end of 2010. It is therefore
anticipatedthattheuseofIPv6willgainmomentumandtheenduserwilldrive
differentiated services, achieving returns not only in investments but also in
service innovations and flexible communication solutions. Solutions for inte-
gratinganddeployingbothIPv4andIPv6servicesarematureandavailableto
service providers.
The authors of this book have the necessary technical expertise and
experience to identify the challenges and to propose recommendations and
solutions of great value to a world made of heterogeneous and widely un-
interoperable networks designed using private addressing schemes that inhibit
end-to-end applications and services. Their extensive involvement in standar-
dizationbodiessuchastheIETFandknowledgespreadatthecustomerlevelin
thedesignanddeploymentofIPv6networksareofparamountvaluetoreaders,
whocangainfirst-classknowledgetoempowerthemtotacklethetransitionto
IPv6 with greater confidence.
Welcometothenewtwo-wayIPv6-basedbroadbandaccesstotheInternet!
LATIF LADID
President, IPv6 Forum