Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle PDF
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DENITRIFICATION IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE NATO CONFERENCE SERIES Ecology II Systems Science 111 Human Factars IV Marine Seiences V Air-Sea lnteractions VI Materials Science IECOLOGY Valurne 1 Gonservalion of Threatened Plants edited by J. B. Simmons, R. I. Beyer, P E. Brandham, G. LI. Lucas, and V. T. H. Parry Valurne 2 Environmental Data Management edited by Carl H. Oppenheimer, Dorothy Oppenheimer, and William B. Brogden Valurne 3 The Breakdown and Restoralion of Ecosystems edited by M. W. Holdgate and M. J. Woodman Valurne 4 Elfecis of Acid Precipitation on Terrestrial Ecosystems edited by T. C. Hutehinsen and M. Havas Valurne 5 ln Vitro Taxicity Testing of Environmental Agents: Current and Future Possibilities (Parts A and B) edited by Alan R. Kolber, Themas K. Wong, Lester D. Grant, Robert S. DeWoskin, and Themas J. Hughes Valurne 6 Trace Element Specialion in Surface Waters and lts Ecological lmplications edited by Gary G. Leppard Valurne 7 Trends in Ecological Research for the 1 980s edited by June H. Cooley and Frank B. Golley Valurne 8 Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems edited by Maria Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and Vassili Kiortsis Valurne 9 Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle edited by Han L. Golterman DENITRIFICATION IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE Edited by Han L. Golferman Station Biologique de Ia Tour du Valat CNRS/PIREN, Le Sambuc Arles, France SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle ( 1983: Braunschweig, Germany) Denitrification in the nitrogen cycle. (NATO conference series. I. Ecology; v. 9) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Denitrification in the nitrogen cycle, held May 21-26, 1983, in Braunschweig, West Germany"-T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Seienlilie Allairs Division." lncludes bibliographies and index. 1. Bacteria, Denitrifying-Congresses. 2. Nitrification-Congresses. 3. Nitro gen cycle-Congresses. I. Golterman, Han L. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organiza· tion. Seienlilie Allairs Division. 111. Title IV. Series. QR1 05.N38 1983 589.9'0133 85-19305 ISBN 978-1-4757-9974-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-9972-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4757-9972-9 Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Denitrification in the Nitrogen Cycle, held May 21-26, 1983, in Braunschweig, West Germany (c) 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1985 Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE This book contains the papers presented at a Nato Advanced Re search Workshop entitled "DENITRIFICATION IN THE N-CYCLE," held in Braunschweig (W-Germany) from 24 to 27 Mai 1983. All expenses were provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The scientific programme was in the first instance planned by some members of the Eco-Science Panel under the stimulating organization of Dr. Oscar Ravera and the final programme was prepared in co-operation between Ravera and myself. However, even during the meeting important con tributions were added. The meeting was hosted by the Microbiologi cal Dept. of F.A.L., which also took care of the organizatory as pects. Nitrate is constantly lost from both terrestial and aquatic ecosystems, causing rnixed feelings between ecologists and agricul turists. While bacteriologically very rnuch is known, the ecology of the processes is still poorly understood, nor can it be evaluated what it rneans as an econornic loss for farrners and world food produc tion. Therefore this NATO Advanced Workshop was established to per mit a lirnited nurnber of scientists active in this field to corne to gether for a short while to address the following objectives: 1) To exchange ideas between scientists (bacteriologists and ecologists) and agronornists. 2) To assess the state of the art. 3) To discuss the difficulties of experimentation in the field. 4) To define future research. In order to accornplish these objectives, the workshopwas organ ized in three parts with the following thernes: 1) Bacteriological aspects of dentrification. 2) Denitrification in aquatic ecosysterns, V vi PREFACE 3) Denitrification in terrestrial ecosystems. As scientific organizer and editor, I wish to express my grati tude to all participants who discussed their work so clearly and openly and made the meeting successful, especially by its interdis ciplinary approach. I thank the local organizers for their efforts and the pleasant atmosphere during the meeting (besides the climate, which showed that water really controls all processes!). Our spec ial thanks go to Dr. 0. Heinemeyer and Dr. K.H. Dombsch. My own duties would not have been possible without the excellent help at my new home base - where denitrification seems to be really the key process in primary production. In the first place my sincere thanks go to the assistant editor Mffie D. Smith (Arles Offset) who produced the camera ready copies from manuscripts sometimes difficult to interpret, and who took care of all the editorial "Do's and Don'ts," which were often incompatible, and who produced a very well edited book. I wish to thank: Mffie Enrica Minzoni, who took up secretarial duties and helped us through the most difficult moments, my wife Mme J.C. Golterman who again piloted this publication through the difficult straits of the English language, and finally the Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat for hosting an ugly duck between its ornithologists and the CNRS/PIREN for facili tating my work on nutrients at present in the Camargue, where the "Qualite de la Vie encadree dans son environnment" made scientific work possible again. H.L. Golterman CONTENTS 1. Denitrification: Appraisal and Concluding Remarks •••••• 1 H.L. Golterman THE DENITRIFYING BACTERIA 2. Effects of Environmental Factors on Denitrification. 7 A. Chalamet 3. Microbiology of Denitrification and other Processes Involving the Reduction of Oxygenated Nitrogenous Compounds. • . . . • . • . • • . . . . . . . • . • 31 J.C. Germon 4. Diversity of Denitrifiers and their Enzymes ••••••••• 47 W.J. Payne S. Genetics of Denitrification in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Stutzeri • 67 John L. Ingraham 6. Current Methods used to estimate N2o and N2 Emissions from Field Soils 79 A.R. Mosier and o. Heinemeyer 7. Influence of pH and Partial Oxygen Pressure on the N20-N to N Ratio of Denitrification • • • • • • • • • • 101 J.G.G. bttow, I. Burth-Gebauer, and M.E. El Demerdash 8. Denitrification Loss from Managed Grassland ••••••• 121 J,C. Ryden DENITRIFICATION IN AGRICULTURE 9. N20-Formation during Soil Cropping • • • • • • • • • • • • • 135 S~ren Christensen vii viii CONTENTS 10. Nitrate Reduction in the Subsoil •••••••••• 145 Anne-Margrethe Lind 11. Preliminary Field Denitrification Studies of Nitrate fertilized and Nitrogen-fixing Crops •••• 157 B.H. Svensson, L. Klemedtsson, and T. Rosswall DENITRIFICATION IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS 12. Significance of Denitrification on the Strategy for Preserving Lakes and Coastal Areas against Eutrophication • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 171 Jens M. Andersen 13. Marine Denitrification 191 John J. Goering 14. Denitrification in Freshwaters 225 J. Gwynfryn Jones 15. Application of Denitrification in the Wastewater Treatment. . . . . . . • . . ....•.. 241 A. Klapwijk 16. Denitrification by Methanotrophic I Methylotrophic Bacterial Associations in Aquatic Environments • • • • 257 KL. Mechsner and G. Hamer 17. Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification in Lake Erken Sediments. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 273 Torbjörn Tiren and Bengt Boström Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 DENITRIFICATION: APPRAISAL AND CONCLUDING REMARKS H.L. Golterman Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat Le Sambuc 13200 Arles, France The two elements Phosphorus and Nitrogen control plant growth under given climatic conditions. Scientific interest in their biogeochemical cycles comes therefore from two sides, viz. from scientists trying to increase the primary production as much as possible for food production (fertilized or eutrophic ecosystems) and from scientists trying to keep primary production in natural ecosystems as low as pristine conditions would have made possible (i.e. unfertilized, often oligotrophic ecosystems). Wehave neither space, nor time to describe here both cycles. We shall discuss one process - denitrification - from precisely these contradictory points of view. But at the back of our minds denitri fication should always be thought of as part of the whole N-cycle. The largest contrast between the N-cycle and the P-cycle is caused by the fact that in nature N-compounds undergo several oxido-reduction reactions (Fig. 1.). Most of the reactions between two N-compounds o~cur in nature, normally by bacterial action. Processes from left to right produce energy; they will be carried out by chemo-lithotrophic bacteria. Processes from right to left need energy, either direct sunlight (N2 fixation by blue green algae) or organic matter. Denitrification belongs to the latter group; it needs organic matter. As the oxidation of the organic matter with 02 yields more energy per electron invested oxygen will be the electron acceptor preferred when available. (A few chemosynthetic sulphur bacteria may use reduced sulphur compounds as electron donors: in this symposium they will hardly be considered).
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