Carlo D’Este DECISION IN NORMANDY Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps Introduction PART I: The Great Endeavour 1 The Origins of the Second Front 2 Second Front, North Africa 3 The Birth of Operation Overlord 4 The Overlord Commanders 5 A Time for Decision 6 The Master Plan PART II: Invasion 7 D-Day: The Invasion of France 8 D-Day: The Orne Bridgehead 9 The Field of Battle 10 Caen: The Search for a Strategy 11 Villers-Bocage 12 Ends and Means 13 The Air Chiefs 14 Epsom: The Battle for the Odon 15 The Manpower Dilemma 16 The Price of Caution 17 Caen: Too Little, Too Late 18 D+30: Stalemate PART III: Breakout 19 Planning the Breakthrough 20 Operation Goodwood 21 Into the Cauldron 22 The Furore over Goodwood 23 Cobra 24 Turning the Corner at Avranches 25 The Great Encirclement PART IV: Aftermath 26 The Falaise Controversy 27 The Legacy of Normandy 28 The Normandy Myth Epilogue Illustrations Postscript Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Sources Acknowledgements Follow Penguin ABOUT THE AUTHOR Lt Col. Carlo D’Este retired from the US army in 1978 to write full time. His books include Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily 1943, Patton: A Genius for War, World War II in the Mediterranean 1942–1945, and Eisenhower: Allied Supreme Commander. He is currently writing a military biography of Churchill, Warlord, which will be published by Allen Lane. In loving memory of my parents Charles and Eleanor D’Este and in remembrance of the American, British, Canadian, Polish, Belgian, Dutch and French soldiers, sailors and airmen who fought and died to liberate France PENGUIN BOOKS DECISION IN NORMANDY ‘Decision in Normandy will appeal to military buffs. But it should also appeal to all who ponder how intelligent men, well trained in the military sense, act under the terrible pressures of war. This is not only the story of a campaign; it is a picture of the military mind in action that should be fixed in our memories’ Drew Middleton, The New York Times Book Review ‘Splendid … a “must” book about Normandy’ General James M. Gavin ‘A serious, informed attempt to strip away mythology and find out what was actually intended and what then occurred … of profound importance’ John Terraine, Daily Telegraph ‘D’Este now becomes the standard work on the campaign’ Martin Walker, Guardian ‘A fine, balanced account’ Sunday Times ‘This book will keep historians arguing for a decade’ Nigel Hamilton List of Illustrations Allied bombing of the French rail network (National Archives) Air Chief Marshal Tedder (Imperial War Museum) Air Chief Marshal Leigh-Mallory (Imperial War Museum) The map illustrating Montgomery’s basic strategy (Public Record Office) The D-Day landings (Imperial War Museum) Caen and the steelworks at Colombelles (Imperial War Museum) Field Marshal Rommel, inspecting the 21st Panzer Division (courtesy of Manfred Rommel) British engineers clearing Tilly-sur-Seulles (Imperial War Museum) Churchill and Montgomery (Imperial War Museum) Montgomery and Field Marshal Brooke (Imperial War Museum) Caen (Imperial War Museum) British troops pinned down near Caen (Imperial War Museum) American troops in the bocage (National Archives) Eisenhower with Major General Collins and Lieutenant General Bradley (National Archives) British vehicles and armour crossing the Orne (Imperial War Museum) American troops at St Lô (National Archives) Lieutenant General Patton (National Archives) Lieutenant General Dempsey with Montgomery and Bradley (Imperial War Museum) American troops moving on Mortain (National Archives) Part of the carnage of the Falaise Gap (Imperial War Museum) German prisoners-of-war from the Argentan-Falaise pocket (National Archives) Jerusalem Cemetery (Commonwealth War Graves Commission) List of Maps The Normandy Battlefield Forecast of Operations, D+17 to D+90 The Orne Bridgehead Situation map, 10 June 1944 Villers-Bocage Situation map, 17 June 1944 EPSOM: The Odon Battlefield Situation map, 30 June 1944 Situation map, 9 July 1944 Operation GOODWOOD The Allied Breakout
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