Deciphering the Indus Script

392 Pages·1994·44.28 MB·English

by  Asko Parpola

Deciphering
theI ndus
script
AskoP arpola
CAMBRIDGE
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A catarleocfgooutrrehdb i osio askv aiflraotbmhBl ere i Ltiibsrha ry
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p. cm.
Inclubibdleiso grarpehfiecraaelnn idcn edse x.
05 24130 97 8
I1SI.BNn dsucsr i2p.It n.d Cuisv iliz3.a tiHoanra.sp iptaen
(Pkaiasn).t 4.P aki-sAtnatni quiI.tT iietsl.e .
PK191.537. P1994
491'.-1d c209 -237737 CIP
05 24130 79h a8br adck
ISBN
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Contents
Lisotffi gures page
ix
Lisotf t ables XIV
Preface
xv
Crediftosir llustraatnidoq nuso tations
xvm
Lisotf a bbreviations
xx
PARTI INTORDUCTIN O
I TheI ndusC ivilizaatnidoi nt hsi storical
context 3
rI.P robloebmjtsei,cv aenssd t ratoefrg eiseesa rc3h
I. 2R ediscoofav fo errgyo tctievni lization4
I3. Liefi nt hIen dcuist ainevdsli lages 6
I4. Contawcitttshh Nee aEra st 9
I.T5h e loafMn edl ubba 12
r.R6i saen fadl olft hHea rapcpualnt ure 15
PARTI I TIHNED USS CRIPT 27
2 Earlwyr itinsgys tems 29
21.E voluotfci oomnm unication 29
2.T2h eS umerwiraints iynsgt em 31
2.C3r eation aonfad l spyhlalsbacebrtiiicpc t s 34
3 Decipherianng u nknowns cript 40
3.E1a rblrye akthroughs 40
3.L2i neBa r 43
3.E3t rusacnatdnh t eh eoorfdy e ciphermen4t5
3.M4a yhai eroglyphs 49
4 Approachteost heI ndussc ript 52
41.E voluotfti hoIenn dsucsr ainpldta tIenirda n
scripts
4.T2r iaanled r raotrt:e maptd tesc ipherment
4.P3r earpatoifbo ans riecs etaoroclhs
4.T4h ed irecotfwi roint ing
vii
5 Interneavli denfocre thet ypeo fs cript 10.F2is ahsa ne mbloef'm P ortSoi-av'E,n id,
usedi nt heI nduVsa lley 68 VaruaIJ.naKd a ma 148
5.G1r apheamniacl ysis 68 I0.F3is ohffe rings 190
5.C2o mpossiigtnes 79 10.T4he s igsne qnuceeosf' numr+b'' efish' 149
5.S3e gmentoaftt eixotns 82 10.Th5e p lanMeetrsc uarnySd t aurn 195
54. Thet ypoefw ritsiynsgt em 84
Thea stronomaincdaa ls trological
11
6 Interneavli denfocre thes tructuorfte h e background 198
Indulsa nguage 86 II 1.P lanewtoarrsyih nIi npd ia 198
61.T ypololgiincgaulai sast toiiocnlds e cipher8m6e nI1t 2 . T heV edsitcca arl endar 20r
6.A2 p ositciloansasli ofifpc hartaisoens 88 Ir .V3e rneaqlu indouex ,a enatdsh tae s teorfi sm
6.T3h ep robolfei mn flection 92 thnee wy ear 205
6.A4 c omputesryinzteaadcn tailcy sis 97 I IA s.t4pr raolp nearm eisnI ndia 207
7 Externdaule st ot heI ndussc ript 120 12T het refoimlo tiffu:r theerv idenfocre
7.B1a smiect hodfoorld oegcyi phtehrIein ndgu s astrarle ligion 2II
script !20 12r. I ndbuuslfi lg urianndedrs e sses 21I
7.T2h ei comneiacn ionftg hs ei gns !30 12.'i2Ln gad-ss:t't haSenve eSna gaenstd h Ger eat
7.I3sn criobbeejcdto st hers etahlasn I60 Bear 218
7.S4ae ls n3
13E videncfoer Ha:rappawno rshiopf t he
7.S5ae li nscriptions n6
godM u:ruku 225
13.Mu1r ukaanntd h bea ngcluel t 225
PARTH IT HEL INGUISTICCON TEXT 1231 3.Mu2r uk'ansna maen d ptlhaeVn eeunts a:c ase
forc ross-checking 230
8 Ins earcohf t heI ndulsa nguage 125
13.Th3e 'e sizer' 232
8.R1e striocftt hiseoe na rch 125
134 .Then amoefR udra 233
8.L2a nguoafgte hasen ciNeenaEtra satn d Itrnhaiea n
13.Th5eg oat-gfaocde d 237
plateau 162
8.L3a nguoafgS eoust Ahs ia 1331 4E videncfoer Harappawno rshiopf t he
8.T4h ec omionftg h Aer yans 124 Goddess
8.T5h eh orasreg ument 1551 41.T heN ortSht ar
14.T2he 'o cntemsotta'in fDd u r'gfisag hwti tthh e
9 Dravidilaann guagaensd t heH arappan Buffadleom on 246
culture 160
14.Io3cn ogroafpt hh'yefi dge isteya'l 256
9.T1h eB rahpurio balneNdmo rtDhr avidian1 06
14.4 inTshcer oinptt hi'eofi dnge istey:at' lh set oafr
9.L2i nguciosntviecr ignSe ountcAhes ia 176
thGeo ddetshcsea, r apn tdh ree d dtohte on
9.D3r avisduisbatnr aitnuflmu eonnOc led
forehead 26!
Idno-Aryan 176
9.A4r chaeoildoegnitciaofilcfP a rtoitoon- Dravid1i5aE np ilogue 273
speakers 196
9.S5o uDtrha viadnitdah nae r chaeoofl ogy
AppendiCxo:m pounednsd iinngt hewo rmd in.i n
peninIsnudliaar 171
TamiLle xicon 279
9.D6r aviadniddae nc ipheorftm heIenn td us
Bibliogranpohtiecsa l 284
script 147
References 303
IndeoxfI ndussi gannsd s igsne quences 349
PARTI VI NTERPERTATIONSO FI NDUS Index 353
PICTOGRAMS 177
IOT he' fishs'i gnosf t he Indsucsr ipt 197
101.F is=sh t:aa rstdriavli nities 197
vm
Figures
I.IT heP erseimapniu rned tehrAe c haemenidpsa.g5 e
I.2( a-Tbh)efi rsktn owInn dsuesa l. 6
I3. Sitoefts h Ien dCuisv ili(zMaattiHuoarnre a papnadn
laKtoetD ijicaunl tures). 7
I.4L ayoouftt h Ien dcuist oifMe osh enjoa-ndda ro
Harappa. 8
I5. Sitwehse Irned suesa alnsid n scrihpatvbieeo enns
discovered. IO
I.6A nI ndus-csytlyilsneed fraeolrm T elAls mar
(MesopowtiatmIhin ad)ia anni mals. II
I.7( a-Ac t)y piGcualslfe dails coavteL roetdh al. II
I.8L ayoouftt h Ien dtuosw onfL othal. I2
I.9T raditionalu shetodou dsoaenytb hoIean tdsu s. I3
I.IAOna mulfreotmM ohenjos-hdoawraios n hgi p. I4
I.ITIr affirco utaenasdr chaeosliotigentis hc Iean ld o-
Iranbioarnd erlands. 16
I.IA2r chaeosliotogefiEs cl aalcm .,3 oooB-Cz.o oo I7
I.3IE arHlayr apspiatanen scd u ltcuormapll ienxt ehse
GreaItnedrVu asl ley. 20
I.IT4h rezee bbuu ltlest hteord eidff erterneotena s
painjtaefrrdo mN aushIaDr.o 2I
II. F5i tgr eaena dh umpbeudlt li teoda s taonndK ulli-
stywlaerfr eo mM ehi. 2I
I.I(6a -b) Disotf'r iinbtuetricounl ctaurrvaeld- style'
steavteistscee .l2sB5,C0 .0 23
I.IL7a taen Pdo st-Hacrualptpiuantrn he Iesn do-Iranian
borderalnatdnh dneso rthwepsatroetftrs hn Ie n dian
subconcti.nIe9n0t0B -CI.4 00 25
2.IC omparoifds iosnc coliatdyo keannsad r chaic
Sumerpiiacnt ograms. 30
2.2N umerical imnsa urckcielnsagsysiae vtSre us s a,
c.330-029B0C0. 3I
2.3A na rchSauimce reicaonn otmaibcfrl oemtU ruk
II2I,w itthr anslation. 32
2.4A na rchSauimce reicaonn otmaibcfrl oemtU ruwki th
as ummaornty h ree verse. 32
2.5T heL ineEalra mpiotret oifao b ni linignusaclr iption
ofK inPgu zur-In5usinak. 35
2.6( a-Ab c)o mputerP-rdortaow-nE tlaabmfrlioetmte
Tepea hy aa nidt tsr ansliteration. 36
Y
tX
Lisoffit g ures
2.7C orrespobnedtewnEecgeeynsp tWieasSnte, m itic, 6.4( a)-T fhrseeea wlistt hhi en iptoiratloi fto hne ir
GreaenkId n di(aBnr ahaml!p)h abets. 37 obveirnssec riptioontn h rere evpeerastee.d 92
3.IC artooufcP hteosla enmCdyl eoptahtEerg ay:p tian 6.5T hes igtnhsoa ctc iumrm edibaetfoetrlhesye i gfan n d
hierogalntydhp ehtisrr a nsliteration4s1. thsee que1:-nVc.e 93
3.2N oupna radiinLg imnseB at re xatsas n albyys ed 6.6A na naloyfts hi'esfi npahlr atsheoasct'c aufrtt ehre
AliKcoeb er. 44 diffe'rfiesnshti' g ns. 94
3.3A liKcoeb esry'lslg arbbiiadcs oenvd a riiant ion 6.7P aradiaglmtaetrianctta h teein oodnf s omree curring
inflection. 45 sequeonfIc nedssu isg ns. 94
34- TablPYeT ta6 4fr1o mP ylionLs i neBas rc rainpidtn 6.8I ndluasn giunaflgeec ptaitotpner ronp obsyte hde
transliteration. 46 FinnisihnI 9t6e9a.m 94
3.5B ishLoapn d'aM'asay lap ha(bAIeD5t 6'6 ). 49 6.9I ndluasn giunafglee pcattitpoernro np obsyte hde
3.6' Tur=kMeayy'ka u -tizntu h Der esCdoedne x Sovtieeatim nI 968-8r. 96
(AD1 250). 50 6.or AnI ndtuesax nta lsyysnetda gmaactciocrtadoli lnyg
c.
3.7' DogM'a=yt az ui-lntu h Mea drCiodd ex. 50 thpea irfrweiqsuee onfcii tsesis g ns. 98
4.IE arHlayr apppaainna tneiddn cipsoetdtm earr'kss 6.II B rancohfai lntge rcnoanttiivneau fatteeiaroc nhs
fromB ala-kot. 53 phoneimnEe n glish phraisnte hssea mbee ginning
4.2A 'fisshi'ig nnc iosnae c do pp'earn thropomorph' way. 98
fromS heorajpur. 55 6.2I Syntamcotripbcho undaanrtdih enesu mboefr
4.3A LatHea rapspeafranol m D aimaMbaahda,r ashtra, possciobnltei naufatteeiarocp nhhs o neimnte h e
witohnI en dsuisg n. 55 Englsiesnht encwee ri'enD doigssp quutiacbkley9r 9. '
(a-Obu)t lSitnA endd recwr'owssi stc hr ossfrboamr s 6.IA3nI ndtuesax nta laycsceodr tdoi n'tgHh aer ris
+4
Mohenjoa-ndNdaa rvod atoli. 55 method'. 99
4.5A womaonft hSeo uItnhd iKaunr acvaasrdt rea wing 6.41 Labelnloidonefgass ynttarcaetceic co rtdoti hneg
ana uspidciiaogu(rska oml am). 56 obligcaotnosrtyi tuent. 99
4.6( a-Thh)e' endklneomstos't i inIf n dainaid nt he 6.5I Rule-foirnmt ihpneag r adiagpmpartoiacc h.I OO
anciNeenaEtra st. 57 6.6I Parsais ntgro ifsn igg ancsc ortdoai nin ngt ermediate
4.7S imilars-ilgoinondsk i iffnegpr iecntto gsrcarpihpitcs , grammar. IOO
witthh epihro naentsdie cm avnatliuce s. 58 6.7I Thefi r5s0tp aiorfss i gmnosss ti mitloea arco ht her
4.8P arotfac oncortdota hnoecc ec urroeftn hIcene dsu s int hIen dcuosr poubst,a biynm eeda onfs
sign.� 63 paradiagnmaaltoyintsc hi fiesr istte ration.I OI
4.9( a-Obv)e rilnalp isno efIs n dsuisg innsc iosne d 6.8I Lisotft hfier tsetgn r ouopfss i misliagirnnt s h e
pottery. 65 Indcuosr poubst aaiftneesrde veirtaelr ationIsO.I
4.or AnI ndsuesfra olm H araipnpsac railbotenhdgr ee 7.I( a-AcnI) n dsuisga nntd h pea lsmq uirrel.1 03
sides. 65 7.2( a-Tbh)eg rapvhaircio afn Itansnd s uisga nnd
4.I1 A nI ndsueswa iltc hr ampoiftn hlgea isnts crsiibg6en5d. hoeiinnEg g ypt. 105
+I2A nI ndsueswa ilt chr ampoiftn hlgea tswtso i gannsd 7.3( a-Tdh)e' flbyiirnmdgo' to inpf a inptoetdtf erroym
onwer itbteennet ahtehm . 66 IraannB da luchistan. 105
4.3I AnI ndsueswa ilt abh o ustrotpwhoe-dloinn e 7-4( a-i) iFmraogonefats na ilm alw ihthehoa rdnss and
inscription. 66 eaornsa s efraolm I raannp da inptoetds hfreormd s
4.4I (a-Ibn)d suesap lasr altlhesele iqnugeo nftc hteew o- RahmDahne ri. Io6
linseedia nfil g4.. I3. 66 7.5T heso l'awrh eaesals 'y mboofrl o yaalr teylfr:io emf
5.IA silgino sftt h Ien dsucsr wiipttph,r ingcriappahli c Jaggayyapeta. ro6
variants. 70 7.6A ni nscrsihbaefdta -xhfreoo lmTe c hoga-nZeaanrb il
5.2A bseanncpder esoeftn chseei gantt hbee ginonfi ng Susa. 107
I
I8s isgen quences. 80 7.7A ni nscraixbee-frdao dmzR eaS sh am(raan cient
5.3( a-Fbu)n ctcioornraels pboentdweleniecgnea atnudr es UgarSiytr)i,a . I07
theciorm posniegnnts . 81 7.8( a-Af d)i stisnicsgteniq vueoe nncc oep paexrea sn d
5.4A nI ndsueswa ilta sh i n'gmlaeln i'g ature. 82 seafrlosmM ohenjo-daro. ro8
5.5T hel ongceosntt iInnudoiuunsss crais petfraiolom n : 7.9( a-Ab t)y pi'cmailn itaatbufrlroeemtt 'hl eo wleerv els
Mohenjo-daro. 83 ofH arappa. 109
6.IA 'grainda'lo yfss oimsIe n diunss criipltliuosntsr at7i.nrTgoh ere veorfasm eo ultdaebdfrl oemHt a rappa.1 09
thpeo sitsilooInt-asIl I I. 89 7.rr 'Numbtewroa 'na dk neemlainwn igt thh' ev essel'
6.2( a-Tbw)ou nusulaolntlgey xw tistm ho rteh aonn e sigonna nI ndtuasb let. 109
'cyocflp eo's i1t-i1o1n1.s 90 7.I'2S acrviefiscisineta lhli'e c onogarnatdpe hoxyfta n
6.3( a-Acna) m ulweittt hh rseied eeascs,hh owaid negi ty Indtuasb let. 109
antdh sea msei nIgnldesu isg n. 9I 7.3I (a -bT)h e' sacrviefiscasinea'dlly ' o ckaer rsiiegrn's
x
Lisoffit g ures
ona nI ndus tabilceotn owgohrntoa hspreehe yv erse 8.2DIi striobfPu atiinoGtnre eWdya r(eIc1 .0 0-BJ5C0)
shotwhswe o rsohfti hp'e fi dge ity'. IIO anNdo rthBelraPnco kl iWsahre(edc .70B0-Ci1)n0 0
7.IA4 t ypolaongailcoyaftsl hi ceso pptearb lfreotms nortShoeurAtnsh i a. I35
Mohenjo-daro. III 8.2P2l aacnepdse opmleenst iiontn heVede dtiecx ts,
7.I(5a -Tbh)em onumeinntsaclr friopmtt ihcoein gt ayt e C.I500B-C5.0 0 I54
compolfDe hxo lawviitarch al ,o soeft- hufiepr st 8.23 (a-Abn)t ennaceo-phpiselwrto erfrddo smB actria
thrseiego nnts h lee ft. II3 (AfghaanniFdsa ttaenh)(g Ianrdhi a). I55
7.I(6a -Ab c)l taayfrg o mU mmaI,r awqi,tt hh e 8.2(4a --Fco)r maotfti hoAenr yan obfrl anndcoh-
impreosfass iqounaI rneds uesoa nlt hoeb vearnsde Europienta hnrh eyep othsettaigceasl. 155
ofc lootnth h ree verse. II3 8.2A5 h orse-mhaecaedhefredoa mpd l unedxecra vations
7.1A7na naloyfts hisese iamlp resosnci lotanaysfrg osm inn ortAhfegrhna nistan. 158
thbeu rnt-wdaorwenha otLu osteh sahlo,w ing 8.2S6h aft-ahxoweli eth ho rhseeafr do mA fghanistan,
intercoinnnseccrtiepdt ions. II4 earsleyc omnidl lenBnCi.u m 158
7.IM8e thoofsd e cutrhiienn gt eogfarc iotmym odity 8.2(7a -Hbo)r osnep ainptoetdtfr eormBy l r-kor-
contaiintn heimrri dl lenMneisuomp otamiaI.I 4 ghwa1:u;lSawia,ct .,I 700B-C1.4 00 I58
7.rA9n a nciceunstth oomusis nBe a hrwaiitfinhn, d 9.IT wov ieowfts h foer matoifNo onr Dtrha vidiaIn6.I
spootfss e aalnswd e ights. Il5 9.2M igraptaitotonefn r onm apdeiocpi lnBe a luchistan at
7.2(0a -Adn)a loyfhs oiusIs ,He R -aAr eMao,h enjo-daro, thee ndo fth en inetecennettuhyr . I64
witfihn sdp ootfss e als. II8 9.3M ajloirn guairseitanSis oc u Atshia asd efinbeytd h e
7.2SIe ailn scritphtaaiptop nemsao rrt eh aonn ce. I20 retrsoyflsetxae lmstsoh;d,e i striobftu htei on
8.IL angusapgoekisen tn ha en ciNeenaEtra st. I27 incl/ue sxicvleu sivei ntd hipesr toinnoocftut hnie o n
8.2A pproxdiimsattreio bftu hIteri aonnli aanng uagIe2s9. firpsetr spolnu ral. I66
8.3( a-Ab s)q uaIrnidsuhs -ssttasymelpfrae ol m U r, 9.4( a-Tbh)eD ravikdiinassnhy isptb eamso endc ross-
witach u neiifonrsmc ription. I3I cousmianr riage. I7I
8.4T heA kkadiacny-lsitsnyedolaefel'r S u-ilifo, 9.5P rincipals iMtieenpgs ea nliintIshnuidlcia ar. I73
Melugi!Jnat erpreter'. I32 9.6F amitlryoe fet hper inDcriapvailld ainagnu waigtehs ,
8.5( a-b) sStqausmaepra weli sta hni densteiqcuaeln ce thneu mboeftr h esipre aiknIe 9r7sL I75
ofI ndsuisg frnosmK, i sahn Mdo henjo-darI3o2. IO.(Ia -Teh)efi sh-eaaltliin(ggga atvioinrHa alr)a ppan
8.6A rousntda smepfra olm U rw itcho mmIonnd us art. I8o
siginnasu niqsueeq uence. I32 I0.A2n I ndsueswa ilta nh a turaldiesptiificcstahel dl y
8.7M odeIrnnd o-AarnyNdau nr isltaanngiu agesI3.5 abojvoei anneidm als. I8I
8.8P resendti-sdtaryio bftu hDteri aovni ldainagnu aIg36e s.I0 .A3 b irodv ea'r u nibcuoalrnlnad 'fi sohv eabr i son
8.9M icrosliittiehnSsi o cuA tshia ant dh aer eianws h ich ona nI ndus-stysleefra olcm Ty ellailsn -dSeurl Ie8mIa .
three lliacntg uNaagheasl iV,e dIadrnauRd \o ad,i ya 10.A4 fi sihnfr onotfa ' unibcuoolrnlna 'nI ndus-style
aroerw ersep oken. I38 cylisnedfraeolrm U r. I8I
8.1D0i striobftu htAeiu osnt ro-lAasnigautaigce sI.39 10.(5a -'bF)i asnh'd's tmaort'ci ofmsb ionnIe ndd us
8I. DIi striobfEu atsitNoeenr onl ictuhlitocuf r es pottfreormAy m rIiI I. I83
SouAtshia ant dh eeixrt errenlaalt ionshiIp4s0. 1 0.A6n EarHlayr apgpoabnwl iettthh r'esets ayrm'b ols
8.IA2r eianw hitchhBe u ruslhaansgkiuissa p goek en fromM ehrgVaIrIh. 183
todtahyNe;o rthNeeronl iotfSh oiucAt shi tah;e 10.A7n I ndus-irnosupDniidrl emsdue nfra olm U r,
YanSgh aNoe oliotfCh hiicna ana;dn citernatd e showaiw nagt cearr rwiietasrh t oanre itshiedre .I 83
rouitnIe nsn Aesri a. I4I 10.A8 n akaendt hropofimgourwrpieht,sih tc r eams
8.ID3i striobftu htSeii onTnoi -beltaanng uages.I 43 flowfrionmhg i ssh ouladneadsr tsoa nre itshiedre
8.IT4h es preoaftd hP er oto-Indol-aEnugruoapgeea n ofh ihse aodna, S yrianc-ysltisyneldoaeefcl r .
c.3000B-C2a,8c 0c0o rtdoMi anrgiG jiam butasI.4 4 eightceeennttBuhCr .y I84
8.ID5i striobftu htTeii omnbG erra avneAd n dronovo 10.A9n I ndsueswa ilta dh e istiyt itnia' n ygo pgoisct'u re
cultures. I46 anads tianbr otlho oopfhs i bsu ffalo-horned
8.IT6h eM itakninnig adnoidmt nse ighbours.I 47 head-dwrheiasclshbs, eo a arfi sgb ranch. I85
8.IA7 h orse-tdwroa-wwnh cehealroeindao c ty lisnedaelr IO.AInOI ndusc-ysltiysnledefrae olrm t hNee aEra swti th
fromT epHei sIsIaIrb . I48 twaon thropofimgourropenhswei:e c a arc sr oowfn
8.IG8r oundo-ftp hl'eat ne mplaetD- afosrhtli'yn - 3 watbeurff ahloorw nistt hhl ee abferda nocfahfi g
Bactcr.i1a9,0 0B-C1.7 00 I50 ansdi otnsa t hrowintehh o ofed sluergrso,ub nyd ed
8.IG9r oundo-ftp hlAeac nh aemfoerntiradetK s ust lug- ap aoifrh ornsenda kape asoi,fr fi shaensad p aoifr
TepienB actria. I50 watbeurff altohoeets h;fie gru srtea nfidgsh,tt iwnog
8.2A0nE arAlnyd rocnhoavrobi uoratit ta hlSe i ntashta tigaenrsdsu ,r roubnytd reeadem sa,r kghooaartn a d
cemetient rhsyeo utUhrearlns . I52 vultaubroeavr eh inoceros. 186
Xt
Liosfiftg ures
IO.AInII ndaumsu lsehto waih nogr ndeediw thyos iitns I2.AI sOt anhduimnacgno uipnls ee xiunatle rocnoa unr se
'yogpiosct'ou nar t eh rone wiltehg sh,o ofed EarDlyyn assetfraiolcm U r. 2I9
surroubnyfid sehdge asv,ia ansldns a kes. I86 I2I. AI s tanhduimnacgno uipnls ee xiunatle rocnoa u rse
IO.TIh2es ymboof'l t wfios ha'm onBgu ddhaiusstp icious Dilmsuenfra olm F ailaka. 2I9
siginnns e ckldaecpeiasct tt hesedt uopfSa a iki, I2.AI r2 ousnedwa iltI hn dsucsr ainptdth meo toifaf
CentIrnadlfii racs,et n tBuCr.y I86 bumlalt iwnigta ch o w. 2I9
ro.AI m3a nc arrtywifions gh ienes i thhaenrid nt he I2.WIo3r sohfiS pi vlai'nswg iatt hr ebfoiilllv eaa vReoso.f
mosa'iPce apcaenfr'eo lmU r. I87 painfrtoimnT gi nagSm;loiu,It nhd ia. 220
IO.FIi4s ahnt dh wea teri-nag neo adr Ilrya nsieafranol m I2.SIe4v fierne -aolnat c aerrse mpolnaitaifolnr m
SusBa. I87 Kalibangan. 222
ro.FIi5s shw immiinanr gi voenar P roto-Esleaamli.1t 8e7 I2.TIh5efi reploaftc h'eess e svaecnr ipfirciieiasntlt h se'
ro.TIh6e M esopotwaamtiearEn-n gk(oiEd ao )na n VedSiocm saa crifice. 223
Akkadciyalnis nedadeler,p iwcittfiehdss hw imming I3.(Ia -Abn)i nci'smeidn itaatbuwlrieettt h'hI en dus
int hset reoafwm ast tehria sts fruoemh issh ouldIe8r7s . sigonf' intercsiercctliensg' . 226
ro.FIi7v fies hseusr roEunnkodina nA kkadciyalni nder 13.(2a -Abn)I ndtuasb wliettthh s ei sgen quence
sefraolm T elAls mar. I87 V 1CD1 :9;10 ;1otnh ree veard seeis,ti yt otnia n g
IO.TIhSe ' Protos-eSfraiolvm Ma o'h enjo-daro1.8 8 throflnaen,kb eycd o barnawdso rshippers2.2 6
ro.AI p9r imeasstk aesEd n khia,l fa-nfihdsa hl f-imnaa n, 13·(3a -Abn)I ndtuasb wliettthh s ei sgen quence
reloifAe sfs urnIaIs( i8r8p3-aB8l)Cfr5 o9 mC alahI.9 0 \J II®o nb otshi doents h:oe b vewrist'ehma a n
I0.(2a0- Pua)i natneiddn cifissmehod t oinfp so ttfreormy infr onotfa t igoenrt 'hr,ee vewristaerh o owf
thGer eaItnedrVu asl ilneE ya ralnyMd a ture swastikas. 227
Harapppearni ods. 192 I3·(4a -'bI)n tercsierccitlntie rnsag'd iLtaimoaniaasrltt i:c
I0.(2aI- Pbo)s sriebcloero dffii snohgff eriinn' gmsi niature auspiscyimoburosel psr estehneeta irn-gor fit nhges
tablfreotmHs a'r appa. I94 kinagnt dh qeu een. 227
10.A2 fi2s h-sthaabpfrleoedmHt a rapipnac,iw sietadhn I3·T5h eI ndsuisog fn' intercsierccotlnaie nsg'
Indiunss cription. I94 stonebwaanrgel e. 227
ro.(2a3-- Acr)c hSauimce rtiaabnlfr eotmUs r uwki th I3.T6h es igonf's fi repalna'dci en't ercsierccotlnaie nsg'
numbaenrfidss shi gns. I95 sefraolm H arappa. 228
ro.I2n4s crciopntsiioosnfjt uitsnhtgse i g'n7+s''fi sho'na I3·A7 d omessatnicct oufta hTrehy a irnuN epawli,ta h
sefraolm H arappa. I95 paoifrg labsasn grleepsr esCeunrtiiannf ygea m,a le
II I. Worsohfit php el aSnaettu irnanS ivtae mpalte spitrhimatet n accheisl adnrpder ne gwnoamnetn .2 28
TinagSuoc,luiIt,nh d ia. I99 I3.A8 s actrrewedie t arh a iliinanm go,u ltdaebdfrl oemt
II.T2h et radiitmiaoganenassdly mbooftl hsne i ne Harappa. 229
planaertrsa,in ngag e rdi doifnr iondnei recotni ons,I 3·W9o rsohfias p a cBroeddth riie neam edalfrloimo n
ac ontempSooruIatnrhdy im aentp alla te. 200 thset uopfBa h arsheucto,cn edn tBuCr.y 229
II .3M apo ft hcea lensdtraoirfcts ahV lee dian2 25B0C .2 02 I3.TIhOe s igsne que'nfitcgre e 'efi's+oh na' s efraolm
I2.TIh e' priesstt-akfrtiounmeMg o'h enjo-dar2oI.2 Mohenjo-daro. 23I
I2.A2 b usltla twuiettthrt eeifo nillfra oymsU ruck.,3 000 I3.TIhIe s eque'nfitcgre e 'et'wl+oo nvge rtsitcraoolkn e s'
BC. 2I3 as efraolm H arappa. 23I
I2.A3 b udlelc orwaitttehrd e fooinal s st eabtoiwfrtloe m I3.(Ia2- Tbw)ov arioaftn htlesi gactoumrpeoo sfte hde
Urc,.t wentyc-efinrtBsuCtr. y 2I3 'fitgr eaen''d c rsaibgo'nn Is n dsuesafr losm
I2.F4r agmoefant tr efoil-dbeucslotlra atfrtuoeemdt te HaraapnpLdao thal. 232
Mohenjo-daro. 2I3 I3.TIh3e l igaotf'u firtger e'ec'r+sa ibgc'no sr responding
I2.F5r agmoefan ltasb maosstaeiirntc hfo er mo fab ull tot hmeo toif'f h oranrecdhi entr w'so e otfcs o pper
ornamewnitttehrd e fofriolmts h,'e p aloafc e' tablfreotmMs o henjo-daro. 234
Dashliynn- o3rA tfhg hanci.sI0-t9-Ia08n0B,0C . 2I3 I3.(Ia4 --cA) t erramcaosfrtkot mMa o henjo-daro,
I2.A6 g olrdo sewtittfoehu rh olfoerfis x iinotgn represaem natldieen iwgti yta hh u mafanc e,
clotfrhoimna gnU, r upke rtioomdab tT epe elongeayteteshdh,e o ronfasb ualnlad g oabte'asr2 d3.5
Gawra. 2I4 I3.AIl5l ogorfta hp'ehfi stg r esei'ga nnod fi tlsi gature
I2.I7n scroinpa tm ioounlt deerdr aacmoutlfrteoatm witthh' ec rsaibg'n . 235
Mohenjo(-tdthaweroo ot hseirdo efts h tirsi angulaIr3 .(Ia6- 'iT)h ree-bfirgta rneacesah'm e odt oinEf a rly,
prisshmo awfi sh-eaaltliinaggna adts ohri p). 2I5 MatuarneLd a tHea rapppoatnt ery. 236
I2.A8 'li'nsgtafra onmdM' o henjod-edcaorrwoai ttehd I3.TIh7e g oat-hfeeardteidlN iatiyg-agimonee da� ral y
'treifonilla'y s. 2I8 Jaianrfrato mM athura. 238
I2.A9 s tanhduimnagcn o upilns ee xiunatle rocnoa u rse I3.AI r8 am-fadceeiwdti ytl ho nagr msst,a nidnisnaig d e
tabfrloemMt o henjo-daro. 2I9 figt reoena, t abfrloemHt a rappa. 239
Xtl
Lisoft ufirges
14.V1a ra-Sianav p iitcrtldu rraewa nf tterra ditional buffaalnoad z ebwui tfihgl earviessfri onmg
modealbso 1u9t0 5. 241 betwteheheno rns. 251
14.T2h eb anytarne( eFi icnudsi Fc.ab engalweintishti ss ) 14.(1a9- Wda)t ebru ffaolnEo a rHlayr apppoatnt freormy
=
aerial roots. 242 KotD ijGiu,m laan Bdu rzahom. 251
14·T3h es eque'nfictger e'efi's+ih nt' h ien scriopfa t ion 14.(2a0- Wba)t ebru ffaolnto w loa Atkek adciyalni nder
sefraolm M ohenjo-daro. 243 seawlistt hh' ec ontmeostti'f . 252
14-C4i rcumsptoalaransrtd h cee lepsotlbieea tlw 5e0e0n0 14.L2a1t Aek kadsieaoanftl h reo ysaclr libbnei s,as rhrouwm-
BCa nAd D2 000. 243 intgh hee rwoi tshil xo cokfhs a aisrs laktihtnehg i orfs t
14·A5n a nthropodmeoirwtpiyht ihacfii gnt rewei,t h thbeu ffawliotw ha tfelro wfrionmtg h peo otf E nki2.5 2
staprlsa cienhd o rn-lloiookpnese itshiedoref t he 14.T2h2e w aterE-ngkosidi b test wtewewona tbeurff aloes
figo na t abfrloemtH arappa. 244 subdubeytd w soi x-lhoecrkoewedhs oe, a cphl aac e
14.(6a -Ab t)a bfrloemtH arapwpiatt hh see queonfc e footo nt hhee aodft hseu bdubeedaa sl ta:t e
'4+'' fitgr eoent' h oeb vearnstdeh sei gonrm otoiff Akkadciyalni snedaelr. 252
'filge 'ao fnt hree verse. 246 14.(2a3- Tch)es pearofiw nagtb eurff ailnHo a rappan
14.T7h e' contoefas n tu'dh ee r(ow istihlx o cokfhs a ir) glyptic art. 252
antdi goenra ss efraolm M ohenjo-daro. 247 14.T2h4e g oddDeusrsg rai,d oinna gl iodne,f etahtes
q.8T he' contmeostotin'ft hiev ohrayn dolfae Buffadleom oRno.c k-rceulitin Me afm allapuram,
flint-bklnaidfofeeu,dn adt G ebeell- 'iAnrU apqp er SouItnhd ica.A ,D6 50. 253
EgypCta.r vienEd g yipntt hSeu mersitayonlf te h e 14.A2 c5y lisnedfraeolrm K alibawnigttahwn wo,a rriors
JemdNeatsp re riod. 247 int haec otfs peaeraicnohgt hbeort;ah rh ee lbdy
14·A9n E arDlyyn asItIsiIec fra olm S uswai tthh e thhea nbdya g oddeaslsss,oh owwni tthh beo doyf
'contmeostti'f . 247 thtei ger. 253
14.T1h0'e c onmtoetsoitnaf' nE arDlyyn asIItv ioctp ilvaeq ue 14.A2 s6q uasrtea smepwa ilt thh tei ger-gboodddieesds
fromt htee mpolfte h geo ddlensasn antNa i ppur2.4 8 fromK alibangan. 254
14.A1n1E arDlyyn asItI/iI cIs Ie fraolm F arsah,o wai ng q.2S7u mereilaenc threulmmfr eotmt hReo yCaelm etaetr y
herwoi tshil xo cokfhs a icrh ecktiwnbogu lwlhsi,al e Ur. 254
bull-cmhaenct kwslo i ons. 248 14.A2 l8a Atkek adciyalni snedsaehlro wtihneg
14.(1a2- Tbh)e' contoefls itoa'nn b du lolnP roto-Elamite war-goIdsdhewtsiastr oh n foeo to na l ion. 254
seafrlosmS usa. 249 14.(2a9- Ab g)o ldseenwa ilt ahw inggeodd daensldsi ons
14.A1n3' interculbtouwrfrlao lmK- hsatfayjleeh', fromB actria. 255
Mesopotwaimttihha r,se cee n(eaFs)i: g bhett wae en 14.G3r0o und-opftl h'aepn a lianDc aes'h lBya-c3t,r ia2.5 5
lioanna db ul(lbA.) d eistiytw si,th hil se gbesn t 143.1T heT antmrail).c� oaflM aa hakal!. 255
undernuepaottnhw ,ho u mpbeudl Hlesh .o lidns 14.A3 b2i sbounla blo tuoht a vien tercwoiutarhp s reo strate
hihsa nsdtsr eoafWm ast aenrtd h eirste h sei ckle priesotnae nIs nsd suesfra olm C hanhujo-da2r5o6.
mooann adr osettes-tfoiarnrfm reodon fht i hse ad. 14.A3 L3a matihsatn gw-ikttahh i et hypghoaYdla lmiac
Int hbea ckgrtohuenardre,ee a rosfc or(not rr ees). upoanb uffawlhoi mcaht weist ahno lwdo ma.n 257
(cA) d eisttya nudpsot nw loi oneosros tehse r 14.A3 c4y lisnedfaerlro Bma ctwriitmaha ticnogu ples,
feliannehdso ladtst acskeirnpgine nhtihssa ndIsn. humaann adn imal. 256
fronotfh ihse aidsa r osettes-tsahra.p ed 249 14.T3h5e ' fidge isteyfra'ol m M ohenjo-daro. 260
14.(1a4- Pbr)o to-EsleaafrmloismtS eu swai,tb hu lalnsd 14.S3t6a toufNe a runtdheEe,l amgiotded oefsv si ctory,
othaenri mraelpsr esiensn ittetpdio nsgti unrp er,o file fromS usca.,2 2B2C0. 262
anads s eefrno mt hfreo nwti tthh eliergt su rnteod 14·T3h7e' snakefihsehOa,pd h'i ocespthrail(auStsau nss krit
eitshiedre . 250 sakusliial,a ). 264
14.(1a5- Pcr)o to-EsleaafrmloismtS eu swai,t bhu lslist ting 14.T3h8e c arCpy,p rirnouhsi taa(lkiLaaa)sb, re ooh ita
witlhe gbse ndto ubalnefud l ltyu rnteoed i tshiedre , (Sansrkorh)ii.tt a 264
seefrno mt hfreo nt. 250 14.H3i9n dfour ehemaadr wkist lhu ncarre scents.2 65
14.A1n6I ndsueswa ilt ahm ultiafanctehdr opomorphi1c4 -(4a0- Wbo)m ewne araifo nrge hemaadri knt heea rly
gowdh ossei ttpionsgtr uersee mtbhlaoetfts h e histoarroitfcI anld ia. 266
Proto-EblualmTlihsted.e e itayr'massr fuel olf 14.(4a1- Ab ')t heiyreod'n b ulfilg urifrnoemts h Q!.iee tta
bangtlhecesr ,o wonnh ihse ahda bsu ffahloor annsd VallBeayl,u chci.s2t6Ba0Cn0., 269
afi gb ranacnhtd,h teh rohnaheso ofleedg s. 250 14-A4 t2r adibtriaomsnasas rlke prestehngeto idndge ss
14.S1e7a ilm presosnai p oont shfreormTd e pYea hya Durga. 271
IVA ,w it.hma a ldee iwthyo sheo ofleedga srb ee nt 15.( a-eA) c uneitfoarbmwl iettth hi em presosfai on
l
doubbleen eaanttdhu rnoeudtt oe itshiedrde o;t s Dilmsuena mle,n tioAnmionrgpi rtoep nearm easn,d
surrotuhnhede ad. 250 witahne arsleyc omnidl lendnaitiuenim ti sn scri2p7t4i on.
14.A1n8E arHlayr apppoafrtno mL ewaDnh eirnin orth 15.I2n terproeft( aptairotininsat lelryc onInnedcutse d)
Pakissthaonw,ti wngogo aatnstd h hee aodfas sigannssd i gsne quences. 275
xm
Tables
Page
Chronolaoncgdui letspu errailoo ftd hsae n ciNeenatr
I.I
Eas(tM esopoatnatdmh iIean )d Vuasl l(etyhK ea chi
plaainntd)h tei moefas p pearoaftn hcdeei fferent
scripts. page1 8
2.P1e rcenotfla oggeosg rsaymlsl,a bic signs and
determiinnSa utmievreaisna Adnk kadtieaxnt s. 35
3.C1o nventionaolfd etcyippohleorgmye nts. 48
5.F1r equednisctyr iobftu ht4ei1 og7nr aphemes
distingbuyIi .Ms ahheadd evan. 78
5.B2a stiycp oefws r itsiynsgta enmtd h Ien dsucsr ipt8.4
6.1I mplicautniiovneoarflls aanlgsu age. 88
6.T2h efi rsttep na iorfws o rmdoss sti mitloea arco ht her
ina nE ngltiesxohtb ,t aibnyme eda nosft he
paradiagnmaaltoyinsct i hfiser sitt eration.
IOO
8.U1n gulraetperse sbeyfan utneard!e maaitsn ist ients h e
GreaItnedrVu asl ley. 157
Represeonftt aheteti yo*mnma i 'nfi sahn'*d m i/n
IO.l
*vi/*ti v itif-'Vs-tk*akmr-i'/n*, v i/*n m i/ti* vi'tit o
glitstheirfln,ae s,ih nD' r avildainagnu ages. 182
XtV