Death, decomposition, and detection dogs : from science to scene PDF
Preview Death, decomposition, and detection dogs : from science to scene
K13653_cover 7/27/12 11:32 AM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K FORENSICS & CRIMINAL JUSTICE S t e js Death, Decomposition, k a l and Detector Dogs From Science to Scene D e a Death, Decomposition, and Detector Dogs: From Science t h to Scene is designed to help police investigators and , Human Remains Detection (HRD) K9 handlers understand D the basics of forensic taphonomy (decomposition) and how e c to more effectively use an HRD K9 as a locating tool. The o book covers basic anatomy and physiology of canine m olfaction along with the unique characteristics of dogs that p allow them to work effectively as scent detectors. o s i Using concise and clear explanations along with numerous t i o photographs, the book reviews the stages of decomposition n and how they are affected by the environment. It examines , what is currently understood about the chemical profile of a n odor from human remains and explains how weather, d topography, ground cover, and terrain can affect odor D dispersion. The book also discusses different types of e mapping and weather data that can be used before and t during deployment of an HRD K9. e c t The final chapter ties it all together with case reports of o Death, Decomposition, r decedents who have been found in a variety of environmental D conditions. By understanding how variables can affect the o state and condition that remains may be found in, handlers g and Detector Dogs and investigators should be better prepared to meet the s challenges of their jobs. From Science to Scene K13653 Susan M. Stejskal, LVT, PhD, DABT 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10017 www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK Composite Death, Decomposition, and Detector Dogs From Science to Scene Death, Decomposition, and Detector Dogs From Science to Scene Susan M. Stejskal, LVT, PhD, DABT Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120502 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-7838-5 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii About the Author xv 1 Know the Nose 1 Introduction 1 Perception 1 Anatomy 2 Odor Detection and Olfactory Receptor Cells 5 Species and Breed Differences 7 Interspecies Variations: Differences between Dogs and People 7 Intraspecies Variation: Differences between Dogs 9 Orthogonal Devices 11 Summary 12 Conclusions 12 References 12 2 Forensic Taphonomy: Breaking Down Is Hard to Do 15 Introduction 15 Taphonomy Defined 15 The Body 15 Normal Cell Composition 16 Cellular Decomposition 19 Systemic Decomposition 21 Stages of Decomposition 21 Stage 1: Immediate 22 Stage 2: Early 22 Stage 3: Putrefaction 25 Stage 3: Post Putrefaction 28 Final Breakdown (Destruction and Decay) 29 Special States of Decomposition 32 Mummification 32 Adipocere: Grave Wax or Death Soap 33 Summary 35 References 35 v vi Contents 3 Bugs, Bodies, and Beyond 37 Introduction 37 Primary Environmental Factors 37 Temperature 37 Microbiology: The Little Bugs 38 Entomology: The Big Bugs 39 Meet the Pigs 45 Observations 76 An Interesting Pig Story 77 Secondary Environmental Variables 78 Soil 78 Burial 80 Decedent: Size and Age 81 Decedent: Clothing 82 Scavengers 82 Extreme Conditions 84 Desert 84 Extreme Heat (Fire) 86 Freeze and Thaw 87 Water 89 Process of Drowning 89 Conclusions 91 References 92 4 Making Sense Out of Scent: The A, B, C, Ds 95 A: About 95 B: Bacteria and Bodies 96 Little Bugs 96 C: Chemistry (Made Simple) 99 Definitions 100 Functional Groups 101 A Family Affair 102 Shape and What It Means 103 D: Decomposition 103 Live Scent 104 In between 104 Not Live Scent 105 Gas 105 Carbohydrates 106 Proteins 107 Contents vii Specific Tissues 109 Blood 109 Bone 110 Lipids and Fats 112 Fat Breakdown 113 Summary 114 Summary of Studies 118 References 125 5 Earth, Wind, and Odor 129 Introduction 129 Chemistry: Highlights of Chapter 4 129 The Dog’s Nose Knows 135 Weather or Not 136 Atmosphere 137 Wind 140 Topography 141 Earth: The Dirt on Soil 144 Burials and Chemicals 146 Ground Cover: Plants and More 147 Water World 149 The Hydrologic Cycle 149 Hydrologic Measurements 150 Groundwater: Moving under Our Feet 152 Special Situations: Inside 154 What’s New: Back to Orthogonal 155 References 155 6 Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks Using New Technology 159 Introduction 159 Maps 160 Definitions 161 General Maps 162 Topographical Maps 164 Hydrologic Maps 166 Soil Maps 168 Weather or Not 170 Historical or Past 170 Current/Predicted Weather 174 Behavior of the Missing 174 viii Contents Using This Information 175 Summary 176 References 176 7 A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words 179 Introduction 179 Case 1: Cold Weather/Short Term/Land 179 History 179 Area 179 Weather 180 Search Efforts 180 Results 180 Case 2: Hot Weather/Short Term/Land 183 History 183 Area 183 Weather 183 Search Efforts 184 Results 184 Case 3: Hot Weather/Short Term/Water 187 History 187 Area 187 Weather 187 Search Efforts/Results 187 Case 4: Long Term/Land 189 History 189 Area 190 Weather 190 Search Efforts 190 Results 190 Case 5: Long Term/Land–Water 193 History 193 Area 193 Weather 193 Search Efforts 193 Results 194 Case 6: Long Term/Burial 196 History 196 Area 197 Weather 197 Search Efforts 198 Summary 198 Contents ix 8 Beginning of the End 201 Reference 202
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