Davis’s Comprehensive Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications PDF
Preview Davis’s Comprehensive Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications
Comprehensive Manual of y and with Nursing Implications Anne M. Van Leeuwen Mickey Lynn Bladh Anne M. Van Leeuwen Mickey Lynn Bladh F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 www.fadavis.com Copyright © 2019 by F. A. Davis Company Copyright © 2009, 2006, 2003, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Lisa B. Houck Art and Design Manager: Carolyn O’Brien Senior Content Project Manager: Julia Curcio DavisPlus Project Manager: Sandra Glennie As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, rec- ommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The authors and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any prac- tice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with profes- sional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Van Leeuwen, Anne M., author. | Bladh, Mickey Lynn, author. Title: Davis’s comprehensive handbook of laboratory & diagnostic tests with nursing implications / Anne M. Van Leeuwen, Mickey Lynn Bladh. Other titles: Davis’s comprehensive handbook of laboratory and diagnostic tests with nursing implications | Comprehensive handbook of laboratory & diagnostic tests with nursing implications | Comprehensive handbook of laboratory and diagnostic tests with nursing implications Description: Eighth edition. | Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, [2019] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018041971 (print) | LCCN 2018042955 (ebook) | ISBN 9780803694484 | ISBN 9780803674950 (hard cover) Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Nursing Diagnosis—methods | Handbooks | Nurses’ Instruction Classification: LCC RB38.2 (ebook) | LCC RB38.2 (print) | NLM QY 39 | DDC 616.07/5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018041971 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.25 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transac- tional Reporting Service is: 978–0–8036–4484/19 0 + $.25. Dedication Inspiration springs from Passion. . . . Passion is born from unconstrained love, commitment, and a vision no one else can own. Lynda— my best friend and an extraordinarily gifted nurse— thank you, I could not have done this without your love, strong support, and belief in me. My gratitude to Mom, Dad, Adele, Gram . . . all my family and friends, for I am truly blessed by your humor and faith. A huge hug for my daughters, Sarah and Margaret—I love you very much. To my puppies, Maggie, Taylor, and Emma, for their endless and unconditional love. Many thanks to my friend and wonderful coauthor Mickey; to all the folks at F.A. Davis, espe- cially Rob and Julia for their guidance, support, and great ideas. And, very special thanks to Lisa Houck, publisher, for her friendship, excellent direc- tion, and unwavering encouragement. Anne M. Van Leeuwen, MA, BS, MT (ASCP) Medical Laboratory Scientist & Independent Author Phoenix Arizona An eternity of searching would never have provided me with a man more lov- ing and supportive than my husband, Eric. He is the sunshine in my soul, and I will be forever grateful for the blessing of his presence in my life. I am grate- ful to my five children, Eric, Anni, Phillip, Mari, and Melissa, for the privilege of being their mom; always remember that you are limited only by your imagina- tion and willingness to try. To my darling grandchildren, watching you grow up always reminds me of the joy of discovery. Life is a gift and the trick is not to focus on its troubles but to enjoy the ride, remember to dance in the rain. To Anne, a forever friend who saw in me the potential to spread my wings, thanks for your patience and guidance, and thanks to Lynda for the miracle of finding me. Thanks to those at F. A. Davis for your kind support. Lastly, to my late beloved parents, thanks with hugs and kisses. Mickey L. Bladh, RN, MSN Nurse Educator & Author Hacienda Heights California We are so grateful to all the people who have helped us make this book possi- ble. We thank our readers for allowing us this important opportunity to touch their lives. Our goal has always been to assist each individual to find a way to blend emotional and intellectual intelligence into a competent and compas- sionate approach to patient care. We are also thankful for our association with the F.A. Davis Company. We value and appreciate the efforts of all the people associated with F.A. Davis because without their hard work this publication could not succeed. We recognize all the wonderful people in leadership, the editors, freelance consultants, designers, IT gurus, and digital applications developers, as well as those in sales & marketing, distribution, and finance. We have a deep appreciation for the Davis Educational Consultants. They are tasked with being our voice. Their exceptional ability to communicate is what v vi Davis’s Comprehensive Manual Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests actually brings our book to the market. We would like to give special acknowl- edgment to the outstanding publishing professionals who were our core sup- port team throughout the development of this edition: Lisa Houck, Publisher Robert Allen, Manager, Content Architecture Julia Curcio, Senior Content Project Manager Cynthia Naughton, Production Manager, Digital Content Sandra Glennie, Project Manager, DavisPlus Carolyn O’Brien, Art & Design Manager Jaclyn White, Senior Marketing Manager Bob Butler, Production Manager Why This Book Will Help You Be a Better Nurse: The Intersection of Nursing Care and Lab/Dx Testing We hear every day from students and instructors that they want a laboratory and diagnostic test reference that will help them “connect the dots”— that will show them how to integrate laboratory and diagnostic test results into safe, compassionate, and effective nursing care. We have revised the eighth edition of the Handbook not only to be the comprehensive reference it was originally designed to be but also to provide improvements that more effectively answer that need. Additional objectives for this 8th edition include the following: • Creation of a more portable product by decreasing its overall size while making sure that each study stands on its own without repeating too much information. • Renaming studies for wider recognition and faster location or to create broader topics for specific studies with multiple modes of analysis (e.g., Chlamydia Testing, rather than Chlamydia Group Antibody, IgG and IgM). • Combination of like studies under a single title to make them easier to find and to conserve space (e.g., CT, MRI, iron, hepatitis, therapeutic drug monitoring studies). We address over 600 tests under 325 individual titles. • Development of a more efficient design that places the “need to know” information at the beginning of each study. • Making the content more “visible” to the reader by presenting informa- tion in shorter statements, smaller paragraphs, and as tables and bulleted lists. We have also restored more than 80 mini- studies to full coverage in the book. WHAT’S NEW IN THE 8TH EDITION? • The Common Use heading has been replaced with Rationale, a more nurse- centered term used to summarize why a test is ordered. • We moved information about patient preparation to the top of each study. Likewise, we shifted the Critical Findings section to immediately follow Normal Findings. • We expanded the Overview to provide the study type (e.g., blood, urine, MRI, CT) and body systems related to the study. • We included the explanation of the procedural portion of each study in Teaching the Patient What to Expect. The information explains in patient- friendly language why the health- care provider has ordered the test and provides the information a nurse would need to: • Describe the procedure’s common use • Describe how the procedure is conducted • Describe where the procedure is conducted • Answer questions • Provide reassurance • We reorganized the nursing implications section under three main headings: 1. Before the Study: Planning and Implementation 2. After the Study: Potential Nursing Actions and Patient/Family Teaching 3. Follow-Up, Evaluation, and Desired Outcomes vii viii Davis’s Comprehensive Manual Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests • We kept disease- related nutritional recommendations and cancer screening guidelines but limited the detailed information to a study commonly used to diagnose the condition, so there are now six main studies with detailed guidelines (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [ASCVD], diabetes, breast CA, prostate CA, colon CA, cervical CA); we added a reference to the rel- evant main study in the related studies. • We created a student checklist that condenses the main nurse- centered information in one place, organized by phase (pretest, intratest, and post- test). The checklist is located in the back of the book. • We added Maternal Markers, a new study that covers the process of maternal genetic screening, current evidence- based recommendations, determination of carrier status, first- and second- trimester screening (triple screen, quad screen, penta screen), cell- free fetal DNA testing, genetic diagnostic and con- firmatory tests, calculated prenatal screen risks, and a table that summarizes the types of screening tests. We put the tests together so as to present them as a process, which their combination truly is, rather than as a number of individual bits of information. • We brought back the summary reference tables for Laboratory and Diagnos- tic critical findings. • We have included new or updated information on: • Genetic and genomic implications for health maintenance • Molecular testing, companion diagnostics, and precision medicine • Pediatric and older adult considerations • Specific contraindications and corresponding rationales • Specific nursing problems, associated patient signs and symptoms, and potential nursing interactions • Specific complications with corresponding rationales and potential interventions • Patient education, including references to Web sites for information related to specific health conditions or disease management guidelines • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines regarding lead exposure • Current terminology, such as acute kidney injury (vs. acute kidney damage), chronic kidney disease (vs. chronic kidney damage), benign prostatic hyperplasia (vs. benign prostatic hypertrophy), biliary cholangi- tis (vs. biliary cirrhosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (vs. emphysema), heart failure (vs. congestive heart failure), precision diagnostics (vs. precision or personalized medicine) • Recommendations for defining the presence of sepsis and septic shock, including clinical guidelines to facilitate more rapid identification of patients at risk • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations regarding genetic screening, genetic diagnostic testing, and cell- free fetal DNA testing • Expected post- study outcomes are expressed in statements that provide follow- up instructions or explanations and which reflect the collaborative nature of nurse- to- patient/family interactions in achieving specific desired outcomes WHY THIS BOOK WILL HELP YOU BE A BETTER NURSE ix Evidence- based practice is reflected throughout in: • Suggestions for patient teaching that reflect changes in standards of care, particularly with respect to current guidelines for cancer screening • The most current CDC guidelines for communicable infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, and HIV • The most current guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association in conjunction with members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s ATP IV Expert Panel • Best practices for preventing surgical site infections • Best practice for addressing the need to obtain informed/written consent Critical Findings sections include: • A simple statement that reinforces the role of the nurse in providing timely notification and documentation of critical values • Conventional and SI units • Commonly reported adult, pediatric, and neonatal values WHAT’S NEW ONLINE? DavisPlus The following additional information is available at the DavisPlus Web site (http://davispl.us/vanleeuwen8): • Fast Find: Lab & Dx. Purchasers have access to the searchable library of stud- ies for all the studies included in the text. • Adopters will have access to a searchable, digital version of the print edition via VitalSource.
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