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i Data Practices ii iii Data Practices Making Up a European People Evelyn Ruppert Stephan Scheel (eds) iv Copyright © 2021 Goldsmiths Press First published in 2021 by Goldsmiths Press Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross London SE14 6NW Printed and bound by Versa Press Distribution by the MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England Copyright © 2021 Evelyn Ruppert and Stephan Scheel for selection and editorial material. Chapter copyright belongs to individual contributors. The rights of Evelyn Ruppert and Stephan Scheel to be identified as the General Editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Individual contributors retain the rights to be identified as the Authors or co-Authors of their own contributions to this work, these rights asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologises for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and review and certain non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-912685-85-1 (hbk) ISBN 978-1-912685-86-8 (ebk) www.gold.ac.uk/goldsmiths-press v Contents Acknowledgements vii Biographies xi 1 Introduction: The Politics of Making Up a European People 1 Evelyn Ruppert and Stephan Scheel 2 Data Practices 29 Evelyn Ruppert and Stephan Scheel 3 Usual Residents: Defining and Deriving 49 Francisca Grommé, Evelyn Ruppert, and Funda Ustek- Spilda 4 Refugees and Homeless People: Coordinating and Narrating 89 Evelyn Ruppert and Funda Ustek- Spilda 5 Migrants: Omitting and Recalibrating 125 Stephan Scheel and Funda Ustek- Spilda 6 Foreigners: Inferring and Assigning 165 Francisca Grommé and Stephan Scheel 7 Data Subjects: Calibrating and Sieving 205 Baki Cakici and Evelyn Ruppert 8 Statistician Subjects: Differentiating and Defending 237 Francisca Grommé, Baki Cakici, and Ville Takala vi vi Contents 9 Conclusion: The Politics of Data Practices 269 Evelyn Ruppert and Stephan Scheel Notes 305 Glossary 333 Index 341 vii Acknowledgements Data Practices: Making Up a European People is one out- come of a project, Peopling Europe: How data make a people (ARITHMUS). It was a five-y ear (2014–2 0) ERC- funded project led by one of the co- editors and co- authors, Evelyn Ruppert (PI); the second co- editor and co-a uthor, Stephan Scheel, was a postdoctoral researcher along with three other co-a uthors, Baki Cakici, Francisca Grommé, and Funda Ustek- Spilda, and a doctoral researcher and co- author, Ville Takala. The project was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme ((FP/ 2007–2013)/ERC Consolidator Grant Agreement no. 615588, Goldsmiths, University of London). In addition to support- ing the research that led to this book, funding from that grant also enabled the book to be published open access. Of note is that the book is the product of collaborative ethnographic fieldwork, analysis, and writing and can be considered as both a research monograph and an edited collection. Rather than consisting of a series of different positions on data practices, it is a single intervention about the role of data practices in the making up of the population and people of Europe. That said, because individual chapters have been co-w ritten by different authors and in some cases build upon already published articles, we have maintained the format of an edited collection. We are grateful for the generosity of time and support of numerous national and international statisticians who sup- ported the project in many ways such as providing access to meetings and interviews at their institutions and participat- ing on an ARITHMUS Advisory Group: Barteld Braaksma and viii viii Acknowledgements Eric Schulte Nordholt (Statistics Netherlands); Jane Naylor (UK Office for National Statistics); Şebnem Beşe Canpolat and Muharrem Gürleyen Gök (Turkish Statistical Institute); Tuulikki Sillajõe and Kaja Sõstra (Statistics Estonia); Pasi Piela (Statistics Finland); Michail Skaliotis, Albrecht Wirthmann, and David Thoroughgood (Eurostat); and Paolo Valente and Fiona Willis- Núñez (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). We would also like to thank the countless statisticians, policymakers, methodologists, and data scientists who participated in interviews and accepted our presence at their innovation labs, offices, working group and task force meetings, and conferences. Without their support the ethnographic research on which this book is based would not have been possible. While they and other statisticians may question or disa- gree with our analyses and interpretations, we hope that the book contributes a fresh perspective on longstanding debates on the political stakes of data practices in the making of official population statistics. We also appreciate the feedback and suggestions of six anonymous reviewers at both the proposal and draft manuscript stages. Their reviews and comments were insightful and contributed to many improvements to the manuscript. We especially acknowledge the close reading of one reviewer whose astute suggestions helped us to elaborate and strengthen the conclusion. The book was conceived during a May 2018 meeting at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) during Evelyn Ruppert’s tenure as a Fellow and Van Doorn Honorary Chair at the School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam. We are thankful for the use of facilities and space in the NIAS building located in the heart of the old city centre of Amsterdam and the support of NIAS staff in making the meeting possible. The meeting served as