Data hiding fundamentals and applications : content security in digital media

269 Pages·2004·3.149 MB·English

by  Husrev T Sencar, Ramkumar Mahalingam., Ali N Akansu

Data Hiding Fundamentals
and Applications
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Data Hiding
Fundamentals
and Applications
Content Security in Digital Media
Husrev T. Sencar
Mahalingam Ramkumar
Ali N. Akansu

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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Sencar, HusrevT.
Datahidingfundamentalsandapplications/HusrevT.Sencar,MahalingamRamkumar,
AliN.Akansu.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-12-047144-2(alk. paper)
1. Multimediasystems–Securitymeasures. 2. Dataencryption(Computerscience)I.
RamkumarMahalingam. II.Akansu,AliN., 1958-III.Title.
QA76.575.S462004
(cid:2)
005.82–dc22
2004052921
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Contents
Preface xiii
Foreword xv
1
CHAPTER
Introduction
1.1 WhatIsDataHiding? 1
1.2 FormsofDataHiding 2
1.2.1 RelativeImportanceofCoverSignals 3
1.2.2 NatureofContent 4
1.2.3 ObliviousandNonoblivious 4
1.2.4 SynchronousandAsynchronous 4
1.2.5 ActiveandPassiveWardens 5
1.3 PropertiesofSteganographicCommunications 5
1.3.1 MultimediaDataHiding 6
1.4 TheSteganographicChannel 8
2
CHAPTER
FrameworksforDataHiding
2.1 SignalProcessingFramework 14
2.2 DataHidingfro maCommunicationsPerspective 15
2.3 RelationshipBetweenCommunicationsandSignalProcessing
Frameworks 17
2.4 AReviewofDataHidingMethods 20
3
CHAPTER
CommunicationwithSideInformation
and Data Hiding
3.1 Costa’sFramework 27
vii
viii Contents
3.2 AFrameworkBasedonChannelAdaptiveEncodingandChannelIndependent
Decoding 30
3.2.1 HighlightsoftheCAE-CIDFramework 34
3.3 OntheDualityofCommunicationsandDataHidingFrameworks 35
3.4 CodebookGenerationforDataHidingMethods 40
4
CHAPTER
TypeI(Linear)DataHiding
4.1 LinearDataHidinginTransformDomain 50
4.2 ProblemStatement 51
4.3 CapacityofAdditiveNoiseChannels 52
4.4 ModelingChannelNoise 58
4.4.1 ModelingImageNoise 59
4.4.2 ModelingProcessingNoise 59
4.5 VisualThreshold 61
4.6 ChannelCapacityvs. ChoiceofTransform 63
4.7 SomeCapacityResultsandDiscussions 66
4.8 TheIdealDecomposition 74
4.9 FactorsInfluencingChoiceofTransform 76
5
CHAPTER
Type II and Type III (Nonlinear) Data
Hiding Methods
5.1 TypeIIEmbeddingandDetection 79
5.2 TypeIIIEmbeddingandDetectionMethods 83
5.2.1 PostprocessingTypes 85
5.2.1.1 VectoralEmbeddingandDetection 86
5.2.1.2 ScalarEmbeddingandDetection 87
5.2.2 FormsofDemodulation 87
5.2.2.1 MinimumDistanceDecoding 88

5.2.2.2 MaximumCorrelationRule 90
5.2.3 OptimizationCriteriaforEmbeddingandDetection
Parameters 91
5.2.3.1 OptimizationofParametersforVectoralEmbedding
andDetection 91
5.2.3.2 OptimizationofParametersforScalarEmbedding
andDetection 92
5.2.3.3 MaximizingCorrelation 95
5.2.3.4 MinimizingProbabilityofError 96
5.2.3.5 MaximizingMutualInformation 98
5.3 PerformanceComparisons 98
Contents ix
6
CHAPTER
AdvancedImplementations
6.1 SpreadTransforming 108
6.2 MultipleCodebookDataHiding 113
6.2.1 AChannelModelforMultipleCodebookDataHiding 119
6.2.2 SingleCodebookDataHidingBasedontheMaximumCorrelation
Criterion 125
6.2.2.1 Distributionofρind 127
6.2.2.2 Distributionofρdep 128
6.2.3 MultipleCodebookDataHidingUsingtheMaximumCorrelation
Criterion 130
6.2.3.1 Distributionofρi 132
m,j
6.2.3.2 Distributionofρmax 133
6.2.4 SingleCodebookHidingUsingtheMinimumDistance
Criterion 134
6.2.4.1 Distributionofdind 135
6.2.4.2 Distributionofddep 136
6.2.5 MultipleCodebookHidingUsingtheMinimumDistance
Criterion 137
6.2.5.1 Distributionofdi 139
m,j
6.2.5.2 Distributionofdmin 139
6.2.6 Comparisons 139
6.2.7 ImplementationandSimulationResults 147
7
CHAPTER
MajorDesignIssues
7.1 DFT-BasedSignaling 154
7.1.1 ConventionalSignaling 154
7.1.2 FFT-BasedSignaling 155
7.1.2.1 CyclicAll-PassSequences 155
7.1.2.2 SignalConstellation 157
7.1.2.3 RedundantSignaling 158
7.2 Synchronizatio n 160
7.2.1 AutocorrelationforRestoringtheCroppedSignal 162
7.2.2 PracticalConcerns 165
7.2.2.1 WatermarkSignalDesign 165
7.2.2.2 CyclicAutocorrelation 165
7.2.3 Synchronization 167
7.2.4 Results 167
7.3 PerceptualConstraints 170
7.4 AttacksonDataHidingSystems 172
7.4.1 RemovalAttacks 173
7.4.1.1 BlindAttacks 173
7.4.1.2 EstimationAttacks 174