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Data Governance Data Governance Value Orders and Jurisdictional Conflicts ANKE SOPHIA OBENDIEK GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©AnkeSophiaObendiek2023 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022943693 ISBN978–0–19–287019–3 DOI:10.1093/oso/9780192870193.001.0001 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Preface and Acknowledgements We produce data every day. As learning, working, and socializing have moved online, their significance has only increased. And yet many of the frameworks that regulate how exactly data are governed are rarely discussed by the broader public.WhiletheEuropeanoverhaulofdataprotectionlegislationhasleftmany annoyedbycookienotificationsandregularemailupdatesaboutlong-forgotten subscriptions,theextenttowhichourdataareused,bywhom,andforwhatpur- posesisoftenconsideredanenigma.Thisbooktrackshowdatagovernancehas developed in recent decades. It focuses on key controversies between the main playersoftheregulatorylandscape—theEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates— and the major companies that hold significant amounts of data (and power). It showsthatmanyoftheconflictsweseetodayarenotthatdifferentfromtheones wehadtwodecadesago.Instead,weseethattheytouchuponfoundationalnor- mativequestionsaboutsociety:whatsocietalgoalsmattermost?Andhowdowe evaluatejustificationsandassessevidenceprovidedbydifferentparties? ThisbookbeganasaPhDdissertationattheHertieSchoolduringmytimeat the Berlin Graduate School for Global and Transregional Studies. As per usual, therearemanypeopletothank,sothisisbynomeansanexhaustivelist.Firstand foremost,IwouldliketothankmythesisadviserMarkusJachtenfuchsforbeing anexceptionalsupervisorandconstantmentor.Thankyou,foralwaysgivingme thefreedomandencouragementtoconductmyownresearchbutprovidinghelp- ful guidance whenever I needed it. I owe you so much. I also wish thank my secondthesisadviserFrédéricMérand,whoalwayscheersmeupwithhiskind and thought-provoking comments, and my third thesis adviser Tine Hanrieder, whoseexcellentresearchinspiredasignificantpartofthisbook.Bothhavepro- videdinvaluablefeedbackandsupport.FurtherthankstoAdinaMaricut-Akbik forhersmartandthoughtfulcommentsasadoctoralcommitteemember.Ialso hadthegreatpleasureofworkingwithmyprojectpartnerDaniëlleFlonk,who is not only an exceptional colleague and scholar but also a great friend. I am extremely grateful for the encouraging efforts by Oxford University Press, particularly by Dominic Byatt, Ryan Morris, the editorial team, and my kind and constructiveanonymousreviewers,toimprovethisbook.Myanonymousintervie- weeshavealsokindlyprovidedgreatinsights.Igratefullyacknowledgefundingby theDeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft(DFG),FOR2409,JA772/8-1andthank theOSAICresearchgroupforengagingdiscussions. vi PREFACEANDACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Participantsanddiscussantsatseveralconferencesandworkshopshaveoffered great help. I would like to thank the participants of GigaNet 2018, the ISA 2019,GIG-ARTS2019,theECPR2019,andtheEISA2019,particularlyMeryem Marzouki,AndreaCalderaro,AbelReiberg,andFelixBerensko¨tter.Ialsothank participants in the HIIG Interdisciplinary Workshop ‘Privacy, Data Protection andSurveillance’andthe‘KolloquiumDigitalpolitik’inBerlinaswellaspartici- pantsinthejointworkshopsoftheBGTSandtheHebrewUniversity,particularly NicoleDeitelhoffandTobiasBerger.IfurtherthankTimoSeidlforextensivefeed- back,JanAartScholteandWolfSchu¨nemannfortheirwordsofencouragement, andGerdaFalknerforgivingmetheincentivetosticktomydeadline. ManythankstotheHertieSchool’sJacquesDelorsCentreandthefacultyofthe BGTS,particularlyTanjaBo¨rzel,AndreaLiese,andLoraViolafortheirhelp.Ifur- therthankFranziskaLoschertandthemembersoftheSuccessGroupwhoshared theirdoubts,happymoments,and(non-)academicinsights:JulienBois,JuliaFuß, Jo¨rg Haas, Oleksandra Keudel, Cédric Koch, and Ann-Kathrin Rothermel. Of course,IthankAmelieHarbischforalwaysbeingthere. Finally,forbeingsomeofmyfavouritepeopleandfortheirconstantsupport,I thankBella,Kai,Marie,Ronja,andespeciallymypartner,Sebastian.Ialsothank myfamily,particularlymyparents,whosupportedmeinsomanyways,andmy sister,who—somehow—managestomakeeverythingfeelalittlelessdaunting. Vienna,27February2022 Contents ListofIllustrations viii ListofTables ix ListofAbbreviations x 1. Introduction:JurisdictionalOverlapinDataGovernance 1 2. TheorizingtheResolutionofJurisdictionalConflicts 17 3. Value Orders and the Genesis of the Field of Data Governance 51 4. SafeHarbourandItsDiscontents:TheEmpowermentof IndividualsintheEU 77 5. PassengerDatainAirTravel:EstablishingDataasa Security‘Tool’ 104 6. FinancialDataSharing:TheExtendedArmoftheUS Treasury 129 7. AccessDenied?StrugglesoverElectronicEvidence 152 8. TheRighttoBeForgotten:MoralHierarchiesofFairness 174 9. Conclusion:NormativeVisionsacrossJurisdictional Conflicts 196 Appendix1: ListofInterviews 221 Appendix2: MAXQDAAdditionalMaterial 222 References 229 Index 278 List of Illustrations 2.1. Jurisdictionalconflictresolutionprocesses 31 9.1. Visualizationofcodeco-occurrenceacrosscases 198 A.2.1. Visualizationofcodeco-occurrence(excludinggeneralsafeguards)inthe empiricalcasestudies 227 A.2.2. Visualizationofcodeco-occurrence(within10paragraphs)inthe empiricalcasestudies 228 List of Tables 2.1. Keytextsfortheconstitutionofthefield 42 2.2. Selectedcases 46 3.1. Substantivevalueordersindatagovernance 59 3.2. Proceduralvalueordersindatagovernance 60 9.1. Visionsofdatagovernance(adaptedfromObendiek2022) 200 9.2. Jurisdictionalconflictresolutionprocessesacrosscases 207