Data Assimilation: Making Sense of Observations PDF
Preview Data Assimilation: Making Sense of Observations
Data Assimilation · · William Lahoz Boris Khattatov Richard Ménard Editors Data Assimilation Making Sense of Observations 123 Editors Dr.WilliamLahoz Dr.BorisKhattatov NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,Norwegian 373ArapahoeAvenue InstituteforAirResearch BoulderCO80302 AtmosphericandClimateResearch USA Instituttveien18 [email protected] Kjeller2007 Norway [email protected] Dr.RichardMénard EnvironmentCanada AtmosphericScience&Technology Directorate 2121Trans-CanadaHighway DorvalQCH9P1J3 Canada [email protected] ISBN978-3-540-74702-4 e-ISBN978-3-540-74703-1 DOI10.1007/978-3-540-74703-1 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010925150 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Chapter 1, 5, and 6 are published with kind permission of Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada.Allrightsreserved Chapter15ispublishedwithkindpermissionof©BritishCrownCopyright,2010,TheMetoffice,UK. 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Coverdesign:Bauer,Thomas Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents PartI Theory DataAssimilationandInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 WilliamLahoz,BorisKhattatov,andRichardMénard MathematicalConceptsofDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 N.K.Nichols VariationalAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 OlivierTalagrand EnsembleKalmanFilter:CurrentStatusandPotential . . . . . . . . . 69 EugeniaKalnay ErrorStatisticsinDataAssimilation:EstimationandModelling . . . . 93 MarkBuehner BiasEstimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 RichardMénard ThePrincipleofEnergeticConsistencyinDataAssimilation . . . . . . 137 StephenE.Cohn EvaluationofAssimilationAlgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 OlivierTalagrand Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 PeterLynchandXiang-YuHuang PartII Observations TheGlobalObservingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Jean-NoëlThépautandErikAndersson AssimilationofOperationalData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 ErikAnderssonandJean-NoëlThépaut ResearchSatellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 WilliamLahoz v vi Contents PartIII MeteorologyandAtmosphericDynamics GeneralConceptsinMeteorologyandDynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 AndrewCharlton-Perez,WilliamLahoz,andRichardSwinbank TheRoleoftheModelintheDataAssimilationSystem . . . . . . . . . 351 RichardB.Rood NumericalWeatherPrediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 RichardSwinbank PartIV AtmosphericChemistry IntroductiontoAtmosphericChemistryandConstituentTransport . . 409 ValeryYudinandBorisKhatattov RepresentationandModellingofUncertaintiesinChemistry andTransportModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 BorisKhattatovandValeryYudin ConstituentAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 WilliamLahozandQuentinErrera Inverse Modelling and Combined State-Source Estimation forChemicalWeather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 HendrikElbern,AchimStrunk,andLarsNieradzik PartV WiderApplications OceanDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 KeithHaines LandSurfaceDataAssimilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 PaulR.Houser,GabriëlleJ.M.DeLannoy,andJeffreyP.Walker AssimilationofGPSSoundingsinIonosphericModels . . . . . . . . . . 599 BorisKhattatov PartVI TheLongerView Reanalysis:DataAssimilationforScientificInvestigationofClimate . . 623 RichardB.RoodandMichaelG.Bosilovich ObservingSystemSimulationExperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 MichikoMasutani,ThomasW.Schlatter,RonaldM.Errico, AdStoffelen,ErikAndersson,WilliamLahoz,JohnS.Woollen, G.DavidEmmitt,Lars-PeterRiishøjgaardandStephenJ.Lord Contents vii DataAssimilationforOtherPlanets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 StephenR.Lewis Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705 Contributors ErikAndersson EuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts (ECMWF),Reading,UK,[email protected] MichaelG.Bosilovich NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD, USA,[email protected] MarkBuehner MeteorologicalResearchDivision,DataAssimilationand SatelliteMeteorologySection,EnvironmentCanada,Canada, [email protected] AndrewCharlton-Perez DepartmentofMeteorology,UniversityofReading, Reading,UK,[email protected] StephenE.Cohn GlobalModelingandAssimilationOffice,NASAGoddard SpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA,[email protected] GabriëlleJ.M.DeLannoy GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA;Faculty ofBioscienceEngineering,GhentUniversity,GhentB-9000,Belgium, [email protected] HendrikElbern ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition (IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,[email protected] G.DavidEmmitt SimpsonWeatherAssociates(SWA),Charlottesville,VA, USA,[email protected] QuentinErrera BelgianInstituteforSpaceAeronomy,BIRA-IASB,Brussels, Belgium,[email protected] RonaldM.Errico NASA/GSFC,Greenbelt,MD,USA;GoddardEarthScience andTechnologyCenter,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,MD,USA, [email protected] KeithHaines EnvironmentalSystemsScienceCentre,UniversityofReading, ReadingRG66AL,UK,[email protected] ix x Contributors PaulR.Houser GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,VA,USA,[email protected] Xiang-YuHuang NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,Boulder,CO,USA, [email protected] EugeniaKalnay UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD20742-2425,USA, [email protected] BorisKhatattov FusionNumericsInc,Boulder,CO,USA, [email protected] WilliamLahoz NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,NorwegianInstituteforAir Research,NILU,Kjeller,Norway,[email protected] StephenR.Lewis DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,TheOpenUniversity, MiltonKeynesMK76AA,UK,[email protected] StephenJ.Lord NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA, [email protected] PeterLynch UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland,[email protected] MichikoMasutani NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA;Wyle InformationSystems,ElSegundo,CA,USA,[email protected] RichardMénard AirQualityResearchDivision,MeteorologicalServiceof Canada,EnvironmentCanada,Dorval,Canada,[email protected] NancyK.Nichols DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofReading,Reading, UK,[email protected] LarsNieradzik ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition (IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,e-mail:[email protected] Lars-PeterRiishøjgaard NASA/GSFC,Greenbelt,MD,USA;GoddardEarth ScienceandTechnologyCenter,UniversityofMaryland,Baltimore,MD,USA; JointCenterforSatelliteDataAssimilation,CampSprings,MD,USA, [email protected] RichardB.Rood UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA, [email protected] ThomasW.Schlatter NOAA/EarthSystemResearchLaboratory,Boulder,CO, USA,[email protected] AdStoffelen RoyalDutchMeteorologicalInstitute(KNMI),DeBilt,The Netherlands,[email protected] AchimStrunk ResearchCentreJülich,RhenishInstituteforEnvironmental ResearchattheUniversityofCologne(RIU),Cologne,Germany;Helmholtz Contributors xi VirtualInstituteforInverseModellingofAtmosphericChemicalComposition (IMACCO),Cologne,Germany,[email protected] RichardSwinbank MetOffice,Exeter,UK,richard.swinbank@metoffice.gov.uk OlivierTalagrand LaboratoiredeMétéorologieDynamique/CNRS,École NormaleSupérieure,Paris,France,[email protected] Jean-NoëlThépaut EuropeanCentreforMedium-RangeWeatherForecasts, ECMWF,Shinfield,UK,[email protected] JeffreyP.Walker DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,The UniversityofMelbourne,Victoria,Australia,[email protected] JohnS.Woollen NOAA/NWS/NCEP/EMC,CampSprings,MD,USA;Science ApplicationsInternationalCorporation(SAIC),Mclean,VA,USA, [email protected] ValeryYudin SAIC,GlobalModelingAssimilationOffice,Code610.1,Goddard SpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA;AtmosphericChemistry Division,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,Boulder,CO,USA, [email protected] Introduction WilliamLahoz,BorisKhattatov,andRichardMénard This book came from a request from Springer to the editors to update knowledge on the science of data assimilation and incorporate developments during the last 5 years. It is designed to update the science of data assimilation since the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Science Series Book “Data Assimilation for theEarthSystem”(R.Swinbank,V.Shutyaev,W.A.Lahoz,eds.)cameoutin2003, andfillinsomeofthegapsinthatbook.TheNATOScienceSeriesBookwasbased onasetoflecturespresentedattheNATOAdvancedStudyInstitute(ASI)onData Assimilation for the Earth System, which was held at Maratea, Italy during May– June2002.ThatASIgrewoutofaconcernthattherewaslittleteachingavailablein dataassimilation,eventhoughithadbecomecentraltomodernweatherforecasting, andwasbecomingincreasinglyimportantinarangeofotherEarthdisciplinessuch astheocean,landandchemistry. Many changes have happened in the science of data assimilation over the last 5 years. They include the development of chemical data assimilation systems at severalcentresworld-wide,bothresearchandoperational;theincreasedinteraction between the research and operational communities; the use of data assimilation to evaluate research satellite data; the use of data assimilation ideas, long applied to weatherforecastmodels,toevaluateclimatemodels;thecombinationoftheoretical notions fromvariational methods and ensemble Kalman filter methods to improve data assimilation performance; and the increased extension of data assimilation to areasbeyondtheatmosphereanddynamics:chemistry,ionosphere,andotherplan- ets, e.g., Mars and Venus. There has also been a consolidation in the use of data assimilation to evaluate future observations, and in the use of data assimilation in areassuchastheoceanandtheland. Parallel to these changes in the science of data assimilation, another remark- able change over the last 5 years has been the increased presence of data assimilation in teaching initiatives such as Summer Schools. These include the now biennial ESA (European Space Agency) Earth Observation Summer School B W.Lahoz( ) NorskInstituttforLuftforskning,NorwegianInstituteforAirResearch,NILU,Kjeller,Norway e-mail:[email protected] xiii
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