Data Assessment for Electrical Surge Protective Devices

48 Pages·2015·0.724 MB·English

by  Davis, Eddie;Kooiman, Nick;Viswanathan, Kylash

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN FIRE
Data Assessment
for Electrical
Surge Protective
Devices
SpringerBriefs in Fire
Series editor
James A. Milke, College Park, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10476
Eddie Davis Nick Kooiman
(cid:129)
Kylash Viswanathan
Data Assessment
for Electrical Surge
Protective Devices
123
EddieDavis KylashViswanathan
Hughes Associates, Inc. Hughes Associates, Inc.
Vancouver, WA Vancouver, WA
USA USA
NickKooiman
Hughes Associates, Inc.
Vancouver, WA
USA
ISSN 2193-6595 ISSN 2193-6609 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inFire
ISBN978-1-4939-2891-0 ISBN978-1-4939-2892-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2892-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015940729
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
©FireProtectionResearchFoundation2015
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Preface
Every year there are widespread anecdotal reports of homeowners’ property dam-
age to electrical and electronic equipment resulting from electrical surges. The
revisioncycleofthe2011editionofNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode®(NEC®)
included several proposals (e.g., NEC 4-53 and NEC 4-127) to add new
requirements for a Surge Protective Device for all dwelling units. These proposals
were rejected by the respective Code Making Panel (i.e., CMP-4) due to a lack of
reliable data to support such requirements.
v
Acknowledgments
The Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the report authors Eddie Davis,
Nick Kooiman, and Kylash Viswanathan, all with Hughes Associates, Inc.
Likewise,appreciationisexpressedtotheProjectTechnicalPanelistsandallothers
who contributed to this research effort for their ongoing guidance. Special thanks
areexpressedtotheprojectsponsors,EatonCorporationandtheNationalElectrical
Manufacturers Association, for providing the funding for this phase 1 project.
Technical Panel
Marty Ahrens, NFPA (MA)
Donny Cook, Shelby County & IAEI (AL)
Mark Earley, NFPA (MA)
Michael Johnston, NECA (MD)
Jack Jordan, State Farm (IL)
Andrew Trotta, CPSC (MD)
Sponsors
Eaton Corporation
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
vii
Contents
1 Key Topics Explained. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Surge Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Industry Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Data Acquisition Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 NFPA 70 Committee Report on Proposals—2013. . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Report Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 Surge Protection Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Sources of Surges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1 Lightning Surges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2 Utility Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.3 Facility Internal Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Surge Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2.1 NEMA Surveys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.2 Insurance Information Institute Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.1 Typical Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.2 SPD Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.3 SPD Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Residential Surge Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4.2 General Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 Industry Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1 NFPA Codes and Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1 NFPA 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.2 NFPA 780 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ix
x Contents
4.2.1 IEEE C62.41.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 IEEE C62.41.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.3 IEEE C62.45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.4 IEEE 1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.5 IEEE 1692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 UL Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.1 UL 1449. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.2 UL 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.3 UL 1283. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5 Data Acquisition Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Type of Desired Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 Data to Characterize the Nature of Surges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3 Who Has Data on Surges, Surge Effects, and SPDs . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3.1 Surge Data—Lightning Surges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3.2 Surge Data—Switching Surges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3.3 Surge Effects—Manufacturers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3.4 Surge Effects—Consulting Firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3.5 Surge Effects—Insurance Claims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4 Data Acquisition Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4.1 Purpose of Data to Be Obtained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4.2 Lightning Stroke Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4.3 Insurance Information Institute Claim Data . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4.4 NEMA Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4.5 Why not Another Test Program? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Acronyms
µsec Micro-second
EMI Electromagnetic interference
FPRF Fire Protection Research Foundation
GDT Gas discharge tube
GPR Ground potential rise
Hz Hertz
III Insurance Information Institute
kA Thousands of amperes
khz Kilo-hertz
L–G Line-to-ground
L–L Line-to-line
MCOV Maximum continuous operating voltage
MOV Metal oxide varistor
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
N–G Neutral-to-ground
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NLDN National Lightning Detection Network
pu Per unit
SAD Silicon avalanche diode
SCCR Short circuit current rating
SPD Surge protective device
TOV Temporary overvoltage
TVSS Transient voltage surge suppressor (no longer used—replaced by SPD)
UL Underwriter’s Laboratories
VPR Voltage protection rating
xi