Data Analysis with Small Samples and Non- Normal Data: Nonparametrics and Other Strategies

241 Pages·2018·13.05 MB·English

by  CARL F. SIEBERT, DARCY CLAY SIEBERT

Data Analysis with Small Samples
and Non- Normal Data
POCKET GUIDES TO
SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH METHODS
Series Editor
Tony Tripodi, DSW
Professor Emeritus, Ohio State University
Determining Sample Size Finding and Evaluating Evidence
Balancing Power, Precision, and Practicality Systematic Reviews and Evidence- Based Practice
Patrick Dattalo Denise E. Bronson and Tamara S. Davis
Preparing Research Articles Policy Creation and Evaluation
Bruce A. Thyer Understanding Welfare Reform in the United States
Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analysis Richard Hoefer
Julia H. Littell, Jacqueline Corcoran, Grounded Theory
and Vijayan Pillai Julianne S. Oktay
Historical Research Systematic Synthesis of Qualitative Research
Elizabeth Ann Danto Michael Saini and Aron Shlonsky
Confirmatory Factor Analysis Quasi- Experimental Research Designs
Donna Harrington Bruce A. Thyer
Randomized Controlled Trials Conducting Research in Juvenile and Criminal
Design and Implementation for Justice Settings
Community-Based Psychosocial Michael G. Vaughn, Carrie Pettus- Davis, and
Interventions Jeffrey J. Shook
Phyllis Solomon, Mary M. Cavanaugh, Qualitative Methods for Practice Research
and Jeffrey Draine Jeffrey Longhofer, Jerry Floersch, and Janet Hoy
Needs Assessment Analysis of Multiple Dependent Variables
David Royse, Michele Staton- Tindall, Patrick Dattalo
Karen Badger, and J. Matthew Webster
Culturally Competent Research
Multiple Regression with Discrete Using Ethnography as a Meta- Framework
Dependent Variables Mo Yee Lee and Amy Zaharlick
John G. Orme and Terri Combs- Orme
Using Complexity Theory for Research
Developing Cross- Cultural Measurement and Program Evaluation
Thanh V. Tran Michael Wolf-B ranigin
Intervention Research Basic Statistics in Multivariate Analysis
Developing Social Programs Karen A. Randolph and Laura L. Myers
Mark W. Fraser, Jack M. Richman,
Research with Diverse Groups:
Maeda J. Galinsky, and Steven H. Day
Diversity and Research- Design and Measurement
Developing and Validating Rapid Assessment Equivalence
Instruments Antoinette Y. Farmer and G. Lawrence Farmer
Neil Abell, David W. Springer, and
Conducting Substance Use Research
Akihito Kamata
Audrey L. Begun and Thomas K. Gregoire
Clinical Data-M ining
A Social Justice
Integrating Practice and Research
Approach to Survey Design and Analysis
Irwin Epstein
Llewellyn J. Cornelius and Donna Harrington
Strategies to Approximate Random Sampling
Participatory Action Research
and Assignment
Hal A. Lawson, James Caringi, Loretta Pyles,
Patrick Dattalo
Janine Jurkowski, and Christine Bolzak
Analyzing Single System Design Data
Developing, Selecting, and Using Measures
William R. Nugent
David F. Gillespie and Brian E. Perron
Survival Analysis
Mixed Methods Research
Shenyang Guo
Daphne C. Watkins and Deborah Gioia
The Dissertation
Content Analysis
From Beginning to End
James W. Drisko and Tina Maschi
Peter Lyons and Howard J. Doueck
Group Work Research
Cross-C ultural Research
Charles D. Garvin, Richard M. Tolman, and
Jorge Delva, Paula Allen- Meares,
Mark J. Macgowan
and Sandra L. Momper
Developing Cross- Cultural Measurement in Social
Secondary Data Analysis
Work Research and Evaluation, Second Edition
Thomas P. Vartanian
Thanh V. Tran, Tam H. Nguyen, and Keith T. Chan
Narrative Inquiry
Data Analysis With Small Samples and
Kathleen Wells
Non- Normal Data
Structural Equation Modeling Nonparametrics and Other Strategies
Natasha K. Bowen and Shenyang Guo Carl F. Siebert and Darcy Clay Siebert
CARL F. SIEBERT
DARCY CLAY SIEBERT

Data Analysis
with Small Samples and
Non- Normal Data
Nonparametrics and
Other Strategies
1
3
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2018
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Siebert, Carl F., author. | Siebert, Darcy Clay, author.
Title: Data analysis with small samples and non-normal data :
nonparametrics and other strategies / Carl F. Siebert, Darcy Clay Siebert.
Description: New York : Oxford University Press, [2018] |
Series: Pocket guides to social work research methods |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017010962 (print) | LCCN 2017014700 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780199391509 (updf) | ISBN 9780199391516 (epub) |
ISBN 9780199391493 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Nonparametric statistics.
Classification: LCC QA278.8 (ebook) | LCC QA278.8 .S52 2017 (print) |
DDC 519.5/4—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010962
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Reprint Courtesy of International Business Machines Corporation,
© International Business Machines Corporation.
IBM® SPSS® Statistics software (“SPSS®”). SPSS Inc. was acquired
by IBM in October, 2009.
We dedicate this book to our children and grandchildren,
who are constant sources of joy and inspiration.

Contents
Acknowledgments ix
1 Introduction to Nonparametrics 1
2 Analyzing Single Variables and Single Groups 27
3 Comparing Two or More Independent Groups 69
4 Comparing Two or More Related Groups 107
5 Predicting with Multiple Independent Variables 149
Appendix A: SPSS Syntax 199
Appendix B: Missing Data 209
Appendix C: Other Resources 211
References 213
Index 219
vii

Acknowledgments
We both thank Dr. Tony Tripodi for his encouragement and patience.
Thanks, too, to Dr. Myles Hollander for sparking Carl’s interest in non-
parametric analysis and for all the lessons learned in his courses. We
especially wish to acknowledge Dr. Carl Henley for his early support of
Darcy’s abilities, and for teaching her that statistics are her friends, not
her enemies.
I, Carl, also want to thank my co- author, wife, and partner for
allowing me the privilege of spending my life with her, experiencing
unending love, and being constantly inspired by her intelligence and
dedication to helping others.
ix