DARPA technical accomplishments: an historical review of selected DARPA projects

410 Pages·1991·22.37 MB·English

by  Richard H. Van Atta

DTIC
AD-A241 725
-DTC
Ol-CTF.19
IDA PAPER P-2429 Sc
DARPA TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
VOLUME II
0 AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SELECTED
DARPA PROJECTS
Ri¢chard H. Van Ap.
Sidney Reed
Seymour J. Deitchman
"withc ontributionsf rom:
"PenroseA lbright
Earl Alluisi
David Bushnell
Erland Heginbotham
Andrew Hull
Robert Knapper
David Markov
Stephen Wooley
'pmm
April 1991
Preparedf or
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
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IApril 1991 Final--January 1990 to March 1991
4. TITLE AND SUSmLF F FUNDING NUMBERS
DARPA Technical Accomplishments Vol. Il: An Hittorical Review of C - MDA 903 89 C 0003
Selacted DARPA Projects
-19
6.A UThOR(S0)
Richard H. Van Atta, Sidney G. Reed, Seymour J. DeItchmanI
15R-OM ORM NNM() 10ADE %6. PU#wN=w VMS==zno
Institute for Defense Analyses
1801 N.B eauregard Sti 'IDA Paper P-2429
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1I& ABSTRACT (Ibxlmmnav m.do )
This is the second of three volumes on the history of DARPA accomplishments and their implic'ations.
The first two volumes include histories of selected DARPA projects. The purpose of these histories ist o
record, for projects and programs having impuwtant outputs and for which adequate and appropriate data
* could be gathered, the chronological and technical histories ins uch a way that (a)t he influence of the
projects or programs on defense and civilian technology could be traced, and (b)i mplementation lessons
could be extra Wted that would help DARPA manage future programs ins uch a way as to enhance their
chances of success. This volume describes program histories of 21 DARPA projects. Each history describes
the genesis of the project or program and the major participants and events in its lifetime. Each project
review ends with observations about the project's success and the nature of its impact. Volume 11a, long with
* Volume icomprises the source material for Volume 1ll, which analyzes the projects int he broader context of
DARPA's history and the influences of the external environment on the agency.
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407
* Defense Advanced Reseaich Projects Agency (DARPA) 16. PRICE CODE
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NSN 764001 .21104500 Sww on28 Rv -t
ft4"tibNW*ZG1
IDA PAPER P-2429
DARPA TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
VOLUME II
AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SELECTED
DARPA PROJECTS
Richard H. Van Atta
Sidney Reed
Seymour J. Deitchman
with contributions from:
Penrose Albright
Earl Alluisi
David Bushnell
Erland Heginbotham C
Andrew Hull 9,T1,
Robert Knapper
David Markov
Stephen Wooley
April 1991 Ac--
ID
I
Aalblt O,
INSTITTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES itii.i
Contact MDA 903899 C 0003
DARPA Assignment A-I 19
0_L --
CONTENTS
Table. and Figures ................................................................................ ix
Intioduction to Volune 1 ............................................................................. xiii
A. DEFENDER ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE
I. PRESS ............................................................................... 1 -1
A. Brief Overview ............................................................... 1-1
B. Technical Histoy ................................................................ 1-1
1. Bwxgmund ............................................................. 1-1
2. Project PRE S ............................................................ 1-9
C. Observations on Success ....................................................... 1-24
11. AREC BO.. ......................................................................... 2-1
A. Brief Overview .................................................................. 2.1
B. Technical Histoy ........................................................... 2-1
C. Observations on Success ........................................................ 2-9
MI . HIBEX ............................................................................... 3-1
A. Brief Overview ............................................................... 3-1
B. Technical Histowy ............................................................. 3-1
(C. Observations on Success ....................................................... 3-10
IV. PENAIDS ........................................................................... 4-1
A. Brief Overview ................................................................ 4-1
B. TechnicaljHistry ........................................................... 4-1
C. Observations on Success ........................................................ 4-8
B. TACTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
V. ASSAULT BREAKER .......................................................... 5-1
A. BrieOve ew ................................................................. 5-1
B. Ted ical lssm .s.. ... ........................................................ . 5-2
1. Program Origins .......................................................... 5.2
2. The DARPA ASSAULT BREAKER Pigo m ........................ 5-8
3. Trmifion ................................................. 0............... .5-11
C. Observations on Success ................................. .r-17
I
VI. BE A ................................................................................... 6-1
A. Brief Overview .................................................................... 6-1
B. Technical History ................................................................ 6-1
C. Observations on Success ......................................................... 6-8
VII. CELT .................................................................................... 7-1
A. Brief Overview .................................................................... 7-1
B. Technical ii.ory ........ .............. .. 7-1
C. Observatimns on Success ......................................................... 7-5
VIII. ARMOR/ANTIARMOR .............................................................. 8-1
A. Brief Ov,-xview .................................................................... 8-1
B. TechnicalHistcry .................................. 8-2
1. History up to 19SI0 ........................................................ 8-2
2. I-istory of the 1980s ...................................................... 8-6
3. Structure of the New Joint Armor/Anti-Armor Program ............. 8-8
4. Areas of Investigation Under the New Program ..................... 8-11
C. Observations on Success ........................................................ 8-17
C. SURVEILLANCE
IX. IRSURVEILLANCE: TEALRUBY/HICAMP .................................. 9-1
A. Brief Overview .................................................................... 9-1
B. Technical History ................................................................. 9-1
1. Background ............................................................. 9-1
2. TEAL RUBY .............................................................. 9-3
3. HICAMP ................................................................... 9-6
4. Program Management ... .......... ...... ........... 9-7
C. Observations on Success ........................................................ 9-10
D. AVIATION TECHNOLOGY
X. STEALTH ............................................................................. 10-1
A. Brief Overview .............................................................. 10-1
B. Early History .... ... ...... ..... .. ................ 10-1
C. DARPA Efforts ................................................................... 10-3
D. Observations on Success ........................................................ 10-6
XI. X-29 ............................................ 11-1
A. Brief Overview ................................... 11-1
B. Technical Histoy ................................................................ 11-1
1. Origins of Program, 1945-1976 ........................................... 11-1
2. The Program, 1976-1984 ................................................... 11-3
iv
3. Flight Test Program, 1984-Present ........................................ 11-5
4. Technical Accomplishments ............................................ 11-8
C. Obser'.ations on Success ........................... 11-13
E. NAVAL TECHNOLOGIES
XII. ACOUSTIC RESEARCH CENTER ............................................... 12-1
A. Brief Overview ............................................................... 12-1
B. Technical Histoy ................................................................ 12-1
C. Observations on Success ................................................... 12-12
F. INFORMATION PROCESSING
0 XIII. IN ERACTIVE CO PUTER GRAPHICS ...................................... 13-1
A. Brief Overview ......................... ....................................... 13-1
B. Technical History ................................................................ 13-1
1. The Need for Interactive ComputerGraphics ............................ 13-1
2. Early Development Efforts ...................... 13-3
3. Follow-on and Related Efforts ............................................. 13-7
C. Applications .................................................................. 13-8
D. Observations on Success ........................................................ 13-9
0X IV. IMAGE UNDERSTANDING .................................................. 14 -1
A. Brief Overview ................................................................... 14-1
B. Technical History ................................................................ 14-2
1 . Defining Image Understanding ............................................ 14-2
2. Motivations for Starting the Image Understanding Program ........... 14-4
3. Formation of the Image Understanding Program ........................ 14-7
4. Program Managmnent and Funding ....................................... 14-9
5. Major Programs in Image Understanding ........................... 14-10
C. Observations on Success ...................................................... 14-23
XV. Ada ................................................................................ 15-1
*
A. Brief Overview ................................................................... 15-1
B. Technical -lis.ry ......................... 15-2
1. Requirements Specification ................................................. 15-6
2. Design Competition ......................................................... 15-8
3. Ada Plogramming Support Environment ............................... 15-10
* 4. TheRoleofAJPO ......................................................... 15-11
5. Acceptance by the Services............................................... 15-14
6. Ada Compiler Validation .................................................. 15-15
C. Ada Implementatio and Application ........................................ 15-17
D. Observations on Success ...................................................... 15-19
V
XVI. SIMNET ............................................................................... 16-1
A. BriefOverview . ............1.6. -1
B. Technical History ....... ... ...... 16-2
1. Origis .......................... ......... .61.6.-..2.............2...............
2. Gestation and Planning ..................................................... 16-8
3. Component Development ................................................. 16-12
4. System Development, Networking and Testing ............... 16-19
5. Full System Development, Field Test, Transition, and the Future .. 16-26
C. Observations on Success ...................................................... 16-33
1. Recognized Needs Addressed ........................................... 16-33
2. Realistic Objectives Established ......................................... 16-34
3. Feasible Technologies Identified ................. 16-35
4. Risk-Tolerant DARPA Environment...................... 16-36
5. Iterative Approach Adopted ............................................ 16-37
6. Reliable User Suppxrt Obtained .................... 16-37
7. ResourcefulPeople Engqged .... ..o. ................................. 16-38
XVII. VLSI: ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADVANCED COMPUTING..17-1
A. Introduction ....................................................................... 17-1
B. Brief Overview ................................................................... 17-2
C. Technical History ...... ............ . .. .......... 17-3
1. Program Origins ............................................................. 17-3
2. Early Years of VLSI Program ............................................ 17-13
D. Computer Architectures: Overview ......................................... 17-21
1. RISC Architectures ................................................... 17-22
2. Parallel Processing ........................................................ 17-22
3. Systolic Arrays ............................................................. 17-25
4. Symbolic Processing ...................................................... 17-27
E. Observations on Impact ..................... ...... 17-29
F. Technology Illustrations ....................................................... 17-32
ILLUSTRATION A: RISC ARCHITECTURES ............................. 17-A-1
A. Brief Overview ........................................................... 17-A-1
B. Technical History ............................................................. 17-A-2
ILLUSTRATION B: THE SUN WORKSTATION .......................... 17-B-1
A. Technology Origins ....................................................... 17-B-l
B. Technical History ............................................................. 17-B-2
1. Hardware Developement ........................................... 17-B-2
2. Softwai; and Operating Systems ....................................... 17-B-:
3. Integration and Adaptation ............................................... 17-B-6
4. O n ercialization ........................................................ 17-B-7
C. Observations on Success .................................................. 17-B-10
vi
ILLUSTRATION C: THE CONNECTION MACHINE .................... 17-C-i
A. TechnicaliHistory .............................. 17-C-I
B. Observations on Success ..................................................... 17-C-3
XVMI. VLSI MOSIS .......................................................................... 18-1
A. Brief Overview ............................................................... 18-1
B. Technical History ................................ 18-5
1. Technology Origins ............................ 18-5
2. The MOSIS System .......................... 18-12
3. Benefits of the MOSIS System ..................... 18-15
4. Evolution of MOSIS Technologies and Services ...................... 18-20
5. Other DARPA Support of Fast Turnaround Implementation ......... 18-23
6. Relevance to Defense Technology ....................................... 18-24
C. Observations on Success .................................. ........ 18-29
G. MATERIALS
XIX. DIGITAL GALLIUM ARSENIDE ................................................. 19-.
A. Brief Overview ............................................................... 19
B. Technical History ................................................................ 19.,
1. Origins of Program .......................................................... 19-2
2 Insertion Program ............................ 19.-7
C. Observations on Success ........................................................ 19 ,;
XX. THE INTIERDISCIPLNARY MATERIALS LABORATORIES .............. 20-j
A. Brief Overview ................................................................... 20-1
B. Background ................................... 20-1
C. Establishment and History of the IDLs ........................................ 20-4
D. Observations on Success ......................... .. 20-1.,l
XXI. F100 RFC ............................................................................. 21-
A. Brief Overview ................................................................... 21-1
B. Background ....................................................................... 21-1
C. Retirement for Cause ............................................................ 21-3
D. Observations on Success ........................................................ 21-F
Glossary .......................................................................................... G-,
vii
FIGURES
1-1. DAMP Ship, USAS American Marine ............................................. 1-5
1-2. The PRESS Radar Antennas ....................................................... 1-11
1-3. Chronology of Radar Changes ............... ..................................... 1-18
1-4. PRESS Instrumentation- 1969 .................................................... 1-20
1-5. The KREMS Instrumentation Network ........................................... 1-22
2-1. Plan Section of Antenna and Specifications ....................................... 2-6
2-2. The ARECIBO Antenna ............................................................. 2-7
3-1. Hard Point System "Window" Profile ............................................. 3-2
3-2. Effect of Commitment Altitude on Interceptor Characteristics .................. 3-4
3-3. HIBEX Experiment Mechanization ................................................ 3-4
3-4. IBEX Requirements ............................................................... 3-6
3-5. IIBEX Test Vehicle Cobniguration & Performance .................. 3-7
5-1. Short ASSAULT BREA.KER History ........................................... 5-3
5-2. Management Scheme fo,'ASSAULT BREAKER Project.................. 5-8
5-3. ASSAULT BREAKER Concept for Standoff Armored Forces Combines
Pave Mover Targeting Radar Which Surveys Forward Battle Area, a
Ground-based Data Processing Station where Target Engagement is
Established, Radar Tracking of the Targets, and the Launching of
Missile Carriers. When Over Targets, a Carder Dispenses
Self-Contained Submunitions to Make Multiple Kills. ......................... 5-10
5-4. ASSAULT BREAKER Schedule ............................................. 5-12
5-5. ASSAULT BREAKER Technology Demonstration Score Card ............. 5-13
6-1. Major BETA Components by Function .......................................... 6-4
6-2. BETA Project Schedule .............................................................. 6-5
6-3. Planned EVCOM BETA System (BDM) ...................................... 6-7
7-1. PLSS Real-Time Information on Emitting Targets ......... ......... 7-2
7-2. Real-Tune Data Flow ................................ 7-3
8-1. New and Modified U.S. and USSR Armored Systems by IOC Date,
. 1960-1985 ........................................................................... 8-6
8-2. Evolution of the Joint Armor/Anti-Armor Program .............................. 8-9
8-3. Armor/Anti-Armor Program Organization ........................................ 8-12
10-1. STEALTH .................................... 10-7
ix