Dār al-Islām Revisited. Territoriality in Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse on Muslims in the West

490 Pages·2018·2.793 MB·English

by  Sarah Albrecht

Dār al-Islām Revisited
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Muslim Minorities
Editorial Board
Jørgen S. Nielsen (University of Copenhagen)
Aminah McCloud (DePaul University, Chicago)
Jörn Thielmann (Erlangen University)
volume 29
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mumi
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Dār al-Islām Revisited
Territoriality in Contemporary Islamic Legal
Discourse on Muslims in the West
By
Sarah Albrecht
leiden | boston
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This book is based on a PhD dissertation submitted to Freie Universität Berlin (D188).
Cover illustration: iStock.com/gregobagel, edited by Benjamin Albrecht.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Albrecht, Sarah, author.
Title: Dar al-Islam revisited : territoriality in contemporary Islamic legal
discourse on Muslims in the West / by Sarah Albrecht.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2018] | Series: Muslim minorities ; V.
29 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018015628 (print) | LCCN 2018015902 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004364578 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004364547 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Muslims--Legal status, laws, etc. | Muslims--Non-Islamic
countries. | Dar al-Islam. | Islamic law--Reception. | Islamic
law--Interpretation and construction.
Classification: LCC KBP69.5 (ebook) | LCC KBP69.5 .A43 2018 (print) | DDC
340.5/9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015628
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
issn 1570-7571
isbn 978-90-04-36454-7 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-36457-8 (e-book)
Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi,
Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
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This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
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To my parents
⸪
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Contents
Acknowledgements xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Notes on Transliteration, Translation, and Dates xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Contested Territory: Dār al-Islām and Dār al-Ḥarb in Western
Academia and beyond 3
1.2 Research Questions and Scope of This Study 14
1.3 Sources and Methodology 18
1.4 Conceptual Framework: A Spatial Perspective on Islamic Legal
Discourse 22
1.5 Typology of Territorial Concepts and Chapter Outline 36
Part 1
Territoriality in Islamic Legal Discourse: A Historical Outline
Introduction to Part 1 41
2 Formation and Development of Territorial Concepts in the
Pre-modern Period 43
2.1 The Emergence of the Concepts of Dār al-Islām and Dār al-Ḥarb 44
2.2 The Development of Territorial Concepts in the Pre-modern
Period 48
2.3 Residence in Non-Muslim Territory and the Obligation of Hijra 63
2.4 Ibn Taymiyya’s Attempt to Abandon Dualist Conceptions of
Territories 70
2.5 On the Applicability of the Shariʿa and the Validity of Non-Muslim
Laws 75
2.6 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 84
3 Debates on Territoriality in the Modern Period 87
3.1 Dār al-Islām under Occupation: Discussions about Territoriality in
the Colonial Period 87
3.2 Rethinking Territoriality in a World of Nation States 102
3.3 Is Europe Dār al-Islām? The Beginnings of the Contemporary
Discourse on Territoriality 112
3.4 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 117
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viii Contents
Part 2
The Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse on Territoriality
Introduction to Part 2 123
4 Dār al-Islām versus Dār al-Kufr: Reinventing Traditional Binaries 125
4.1 Prominent Proponents 127
4.2 Contextualizing Their Approaches 139
4.3 Dār al-Islām versus Dār al-Kufr: A Perennial Dichotomy 140
4.4 The West as a “Territory of Unbelief” 146
4.5 Territoriality from the Perspective of Hizb ut-Tahrir 147
4.6 Jihadists’ Views on Territoriality 150
4.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 162
5 Dār al-Islām and the West: A Contractual Relationship 165
5.1 Prominent Proponents 166
5.2 Contextualizing Their Approaches 177
5.3 Normative but Adaptable? Tracing the Origins of Territorial
Concepts 184
5.4 Defining the Boundaries of Dār al-Islām 189
5.5 Locating the West 199
5.6 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 213
6 Dār al-Islām Relocated: How “Islamic” is the West? 218
6.1 Prominent Proponents 219
6.2 Contextualizing Their Approaches 237
6.3 “Islam Does Not Know Geographic Boundaries” – Reconsidering the
Origins of Dār al-Islām 242
6.4 Deconstructing Traditional Boundaries 245
6.5 T he Institutionalization of the Idea: The International Institute of
Islamic Thought 258
6.6 M easuring the “Islamicity” of Modern States: The Shariah Index
Project 263
6.7 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 279
7 R ethinking Territoriality beyond Dār al-Islām: Alternative Calls for
Overcoming Geo-Religious Boundaries 282
7.1 Prominent Proponents 283
7.2 Contextualizing Their Approaches 289
7.3 Dār al-Shahāda: Tariq Ramadan’s Notion of the World as a Unified
“Space of Testimony” 290
7.4 Tareq Oubrou’s Call for a New “Geotheology” 301
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Contents ix
7.5 Aref Ali Nayed’s Concept of the “Interior Abode of Peace” 305
7.6 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 309
Part 3
Why Territoriality Matters
Introduction to Part 3 313
8 Territoriality, Residence, and Legal Interpretation in the West 317
8.1 Legitimacy of Residence in Non-Muslim Countries 318
8.2 On the Validity of Non-Muslim Laws 341
8.3 Territoriality and the Legitimization of Minority Fiqh 356
8.4 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 387
9 Territoriality, Authority, and Identity 391
9.1 Territoriality and the Question of Religious Authority in a
Globalized World 392
9.2 Territoriality and the Construction of Muslim Identity 398
9.3 Chapter Summary and Concluding Remarks 420
10 Conclusion 423
Bibliography 433
Interviews and Personal Communication 468
Index of Subjects 470
Index of Names 474
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