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DamagingEffectsofWeapons and Ammunition Damaging Effects of Weapons and Ammunition Igor A. Balagansky Novosibirsk State Technical University Russia Thiseditionfirstpublished2022 ©2022JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfrom thistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofIgorA.Balaganskytobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedin accordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Balagansky,I.A.(IgorAndreevich),1952–author. Title:Damagingeffectsofweaponsandammunition/IgorA.Balagansky. Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,[2022]|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2022001002(print)|LCCN2022001003(ebook)|ISBN 9781119779537(cloth)|ISBN9781119779544(adobepdf)|ISBN 9781119779551(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Ammunition–Evaluation.|Explosives,Military–Evaluation. |Ballistics. Classification:LCCUF700.B352022 (print)|LCCUF700 (ebook)|DDC 623.4–dc23/eng/20220214 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022001002 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022001003 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©TaroHama@e-kamakura/GettyImages Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Pondicherry,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to MyTeachers vii Contents Preface xv I Introduction 1 I.1 AmmunitionTypesandCharacteristicsofTheirDamagingEffect 1 I.1.1 BasicConceptsandDefinitions 1 I.1.2 TypesofAmmunitionandTheirDamagingEffects 2 I.2 GeneralizedCharacteristicsoftheDamagingEffect 3 I.2.1 DegreesofDamage 3 I.2.2 ContactandRemoteAmmunition 4 I.2.3 GeneralizedCharacteristicsofContactAmmunition 4 I.2.4 TheAccumulationofDamage 5 I.2.5 GeneralizedCharacteristicsoftheDamagingEffectofRemote Ammunition 6 I.2.6 SpecifiedZoneofTargetDamage 8 I.3 EvaluationoftheEffectivenessofShooting 9 I.3.1 TheConceptsofCombatEffectivenessofWeapons 9 I.3.2 ClassificationofTargets,TypicalEfficiencyIndicators 9 I.3.3 DispersionDuringShooting 10 I.3.4 SchemeofTwoGroupsofErrors 12 I.3.5 ProbabilityofDamagingaSingleTarget 14 I.3.5.1 DamagingtheTargetwithaSingleShot 14 I.3.5.2 DamagingtheTargetwithMultipleShots 16 I.3.6 EvaluationoftheEffectivenessofFiringonaGroupTarget 18 I.3.7 EvaluationoftheEffectivenessofFiringatAreaTarget 21 I.3.7.1 FractionofDamageUwithOneShot 22 I.3.7.2 DeterminingtheAverageDamageFractionatMultipleShots 29 I.4 Self-assessmentQuestions 29 References 30 viii Contents 1 FragmentationAmmunitions 31 1.1 BasicConceptsandDefinitions.GeneralInformation 31 1.1.1 ClassificationofFragmentationAmmunition 31 1.1.2 High-explosiveFragmentationProjectilesofFieldArtillery 32 1.1.3 BriefDescriptionofOtherClassesofFragmentationAmmunition 35 1.2 TheMechanicsofHigh-speedDeformationandDestructionofShells UndertheActionofanExplosion 38 1.3 ModelingtheProcessesofExplosiveFragmentationofShellsUsing StandardSamples 46 1.3.1 TheBasicTheoremoftheDimensionalTheory 46 1.3.2 DimensionalAnalysisforFragmentationProcesses 47 1.3.2.1 ChemicalComposition 47 1.3.2.2 GrainSize 47 1.3.3 RatiosfortheTotalNumberofFragments 49 1.3.4 StandardFragmentationCylinders 50 1.3.5 TheMainGradesofFragmentationSteels 53 1.3.5.1 GroupofCarbonSteels 53 1.3.5.2 SiliceousSteels 54 1.3.5.3 СhromicSteels 54 1.3.5.4 Silicon–ManganeseSteels 54 1.3.6 ProspectsofUsingManganeseAusteniticSteelstoImprove FragmentationQuality 54 1.4 StatisticalModelsoftheFragmentFieldsandtheFragment Spectra 57 1.4.1 FieldsofFragmentDispersion,MethodsofControllingtheFieldsof Dispersion 57 1.4.2 LawsofFragmentDistributionbyMass 63 1.4.2.1 NumericalDistributions 63 1.4.2.2 MassDistributions 65 1.4.3 AnalyticalRepresentationofFragmentDistributionLaws 66 1.4.3.1 WeibullDistribution 66 1.4.3.2 TheMottLaw 67 1.4.4 DistributionofFragmentsbyShape 67 1.5 ExternalBallisticsofFragments 68 1.6 KindsoftheDamagingEffectofFragments 71 1.6.1 IgnitionEffectofFragments 72 1.6.2 InitiatingActionofFragments 73 1.6.3 EffectsofaDenseFlowofFragments 73 1.7 LawsofTargetDamagewithFragments 73 1.8 SpecifiedZoneofTargetDamagewithFragmentationMunitions 77 1.8.1 TheAreaoftheSpecifiedZone 77