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(cid:2) CyberInfrastructurefortheSmart ElectricGrid (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Cyber Infrastructure for the Smart Electric Grid Anurag K. Srivastava WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown,WV,USA Venkatesh Venkataramanan NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,Golden,CO,USA (cid:2) (cid:2) Carl Hauser WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman,WA,USA (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2023 ©2023JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerial fromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofAnuragK.Srivastava,VenkateshVenkataramanan,andCarlHausertobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedor disappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernor authorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor HardbackISBN:9781119460756 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©metamorworks/Shutterstock Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents AbouttheAuthors xi Acknowledgments xiii Acronyms xv 1 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid 1 1.1 OverviewoftheElectricPowerGrid 1 1.1.1 PowerGridOperation 6 1.2 WhatCanGoWronginPowerGridOperation 8 (cid:2) (cid:2) 1.3 LearningfromPastEvents 9 1.4 TowardaSmarterElectricGrid 12 1.5 Summary 13 1.6 Problems 13 1.7 Questions 14 FurtherReading 15 2 Sense,Communicate,Compute,andControlinaSecure Way 17 2.1 SensinginSmartGrid 18 2.1.1 PhaseMeasurementUnit(PMU) 19 2.1.1.1 WhyDoWeNeedPMUs? 19 2.1.1.2 EstimationofPhasors 21 2.1.1.3 PhasorCalculation 22 2.1.1.4 TimeSignalforSynchronization 22 2.1.1.5 PMUDataPackets 23 2.1.1.6 PMUApplications 23 2.1.2 SmartMeters 24 2.1.2.1 CommunicationSystemsforSmartMeters 25 2.2 CommunicationInfrastructureinSmartGrid 26 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.3 ComputationalInfrastructureandControlRequirementsinSmart Grid 26 2.3.1 ControlCenterApplications 28 2.4 CybersecurityinSmartGrid 30 2.4.1 MethodstoProvideCybersecurityforSmartGrids 31 2.5 Summary 31 2.6 Problems 31 2.7 Questions 33 FurtherReading 33 3 SmartGridOperationalStructureandStandards 35 3.1 OrganizationtoEnsureSystemReliability 37 3.1.1 RegionalEntities 38 3.2 SmartGridStandardsandInteroperability 39 3.3 OperationalStructureintheRestoftheWorld 40 3.4 Summary 41 3.5 Problems 41 3.6 Questions 42 FurtherReading 42 (cid:2) (cid:2) 4 CommunicationPerformanceandFactorsthatAffectIt 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 PropagationDelay 47 4.3 TransmissionDelay 47 4.4 QueuingDelayandJitter 49 4.5 ProcessingDelay 51 4.6 DelayinMulti-hopNetworks 51 4.7 DataLossandCorruption 52 4.8 Summary 53 4.9 Exercises 53 4.10 Questions 56 FurtherReading 56 5 LayeredCommunicationModel 57 5.1 Introduction 57 5.1.1 OSIandTCP/IPModels 59 5.2 PhysicalLayer 60 5.3 LinkLayer:ServiceModels 61 5.3.1 Ethernet 62 5.3.1.1 LinkVirtualization 63 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 5.4 NetworkLayer:AddressingandRouting 64 5.4.1 IPAddressing 66 5.4.2 Routing 68 5.4.3 BroadcastandMulticast 68 5.5 TransportLayer:DatagramandStreamProtocols 70 5.5.1 UDP 72 5.5.2 TCP 73 5.6 ApplicationLayer 75 5.7 GlueProtocols:ARPandDNS 76 5.7.1 DNS 77 5.8 ComparisonBetweenOSTandTCP/IPModels 78 5.9 Summary 78 5.10 Problems 79 5.11 Questions 80 FurtherReading 80 6 PowerSystemApplicationLayerProtocols 81 6.1 Introduction 81 6.2 SCADAProtocols 82 6.2.1 DNP3Protocol 83 (cid:2) (cid:2) 6.2.2 IEC61850 86 6.3 ICCP 87 6.4 C37.118 87 6.5 SmartMeteringandDistributedEnergyResources 89 6.5.1 SmartMetering 89 6.5.2 DistributedEnergyResources(DERs) 91 6.6 TimeSynchronization 92 6.7 Summary 92 6.8 Problems 93 6.9 Questions 94 FurtherReading 94 7 UtilityITInfrastructuresforControlCenterand Fault-TolerantComputing 95 7.1 ConventionalControlCenters 95 7.2 ModernControlCenters 97 7.3 FutureControlCenters 98 7.4 UML,XML,RDF,andCIM 99 7.4.1 UML 100 7.4.2 XMLandRDF 102 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 7.4.3 CIM(IEC6170) 103 7.4.4 IEC61850 103 7.5 BasicsofFault-TolerantComputing 105 7.6 CloudComputing 107 7.7 Summary 109 7.8 Problems 110 7.9 Questions 111 FurtherReading 111 8 BasicSecurityConcepts,CryptographicProtocols,and AccessControl 113 8.1 Introduction 113 8.2 BasicCybersecurityConceptsandThreatstoPowerSystems 113 8.2.1 Threats,Vulnerabilities,andRisks,WhatIstheDifference? 113 8.2.2 Threats 114 8.2.3 Vulnerabilities 114 8.2.4 Risk 115 8.3 CIATriadandOtherCoreSecurityProperties 116 8.3.1 PrivacyandConsumerData 117 8.3.2 EncryptionandAuthentication 117 (cid:2) (cid:2) 8.3.2.1 Kerckhoffs’sversusKirchoff’sLaw(FundamentalCryptographic PrinciplesandThreats) 118 8.3.2.2 SymmetricKeyEncryption 120 8.3.2.3 AsymmetricKey 121 8.4 IntroductiontoEncryptionandAuthentication 123 8.4.1 MessageAuthenticationCodes(MACs) 123 8.4.2 DigitalSignatures 124 8.4.3 Certificates 125 8.5 CryptographyinPowerSystems 127 8.5.1 IEC62351 128 8.5.2 DNP3SecureAuthentication(SA) 129 8.6 AccessControl 131 8.6.1 RBACinIEC62351 131 8.7 Summary 133 8.8 Problems 133 8.9 Questions 134 FurtherReading 134 9 NetworkAttacksandProtection 135 9.1 AttackstoNetworkCommunications 135 9.1.1 Denial-of-Service(DoS)Attack 135 (cid:2)