Cyber Forensics

346 Pages·2002·3.728 MB·English

by  Albert Marcella Jr., Robert S. Greenfield

Cyber Forensics
Table of Contents
Cyber Forensics—A Field Manual for Collecting, Examining, and Preserving Evidence of
Computer Crimes..............................................................................................................................1
Disclaimer...........................................................................................................................................6
Introduction........................................................................................................................................7
Background..............................................................................................................................8
Dimensions of the Problem......................................................................................................9
Computer Forensics...............................................................................................................10
Works Cited......................................................................................................................11
Section I: Cyber Forensics.............................................................................................................13
Chapter List............................................................................................................................13
........................................................................................................................................13
Chapter 1: The Goal of the Forensic Investigation.......................................................................14
Overview................................................................................................................................14
Why Investigate.....................................................................................................................14
Internet Exceeds Norm..........................................................................................................14
Inappropriate E−mai.l.............................................................................................................16
Non−Work−Related Usage of Company Resources.............................................................17
Theft of Information................................................................................................................18
Violation of Security Parameters............................................................................................18
Intellectual Property Infraction...............................................................................................19
Electronic Tampering.............................................................................................................20
Establishing a Basis or Justification to Investigate................................................................21
Determine the Impact of Incident...........................................................................................22
Who to Call/Contact...............................................................................................................24
If You Are the Auditor/Investigator.........................................................................................24
Resources..............................................................................................................................25
Authority.................................................................................................................................25
Obligations/Goals...................................................................................................................25
Reporting Hierarchy...............................................................................................................25
Escalation Procedures...........................................................................................................25
Time Frame............................................................................................................................26
Procedures.............................................................................................................................26
Precedence............................................................................................................................26
Independence........................................................................................................................26
Chapter 2: How to Begin a Non−Liturgical Forensic Examination.............................................27
Overview................................................................................................................................27
Isolation of Equipment...........................................................................................................27
Cookies..................................................................................................................................29
Bookmarks.............................................................................................................................31
History Buffer.........................................................................................................................32
Cache.....................................................................................................................................34
Temporary Internet Files........................................................................................................35
Tracking of Logon Duration and Times..................................................................................35
Recent Documents List..........................................................................................................36
Tracking of Illicit Software Installation and Use.....................................................................37
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Table of Contents
Chapter 2: How to Begin a Non−Liturgical Forensic Examination
The System Review...............................................................................................................38
The Manual Review...............................................................................................................41
Hidden Files...........................................................................................................................42
How to Correlate the Evidence..............................................................................................43
Works Cited......................................................................................................................44
Chapter 3: The Liturgical Forensic Examination: Tracing Activity on a Windows−Based
Desktop............................................................................................................................................45
Gathering Evidence For Prosecution Purposes.....................................................................45
Gathering Evidence Without Intent to Prosecute...................................................................45
The Microsoft Windows−Based Computer.............................................................................46
General Guidelines To Follow................................................................................................48
Cookies..................................................................................................................................50
Bookmarks/Favorites.............................................................................................................53
Internet Explorer's History Buffer...........................................................................................54
Temporary Storage on the Hard Drive...................................................................................55
Temporary Internet Files........................................................................................................56
System Registry.....................................................................................................................57
Enabling and Using Auditing via the Windows Operating System.........................................61
Confiscation of Computer Equipment....................................................................................65
Other Methods of Covert Monitoring......................................................................................66
Chapter 4: Basics of Internet Abuse: What is Possible and Where to Look Under the
Hood.................................................................................................................................................68
Terms.....................................................................................................................................68
Types of Users.......................................................................................................................69
E−Mail Tracking.....................................................................................................................69
IP Address Construction........................................................................................................69
Browser Tattoos.....................................................................................................................69
How an Internet Search works...............................................................................................70
Swap Files.............................................................................................................................74
ISPs.......................................................................................................................................75
Servers...................................................................................................................................75
Works Cited......................................................................................................................75
Chapter 5: Tools of the Trade: Automated Tools Used to Secure a System Throughout
the Stages of a Forensic Investigation.........................................................................................77
Overview................................................................................................................................77
Detection Tools......................................................................................................................77
Protection Tools.....................................................................................................................84
Analysis Tools........................................................................................................................87
Chapter 6: Network Intrusion Management and Profiling...........................................................91
Overview................................................................................................................................91
Common Intrusion Scenarios.................................................................................................91
Intrusion Profiling...................................................................................................................95
Creating the Profile................................................................................................................96
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................103
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Table of Contents
Chapter 7: Cyber Forensics and the Legal System....................................................................105
Overview..............................................................................................................................105
How the System Works........................................................................................................105
Issues of Evidence...............................................................................................................106
Hacker, Cracker, or Saboteur..............................................................................................108
Best Practices......................................................................................................................115
Notes..............................................................................................................................115
Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................116
Section II: Federal and International Guidelines........................................................................117
Chapter List..........................................................................................................................117
......................................................................................................................................117
References.....................................................................................................................118
Chapter 8: Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence...............118
Recognizing and Meeting Title III Concerns in Computer Investigations.............................123
Computer Records and the Federal Rules of Evidence.......................................................131
Proposed Standards for the Exchange of Digital Evidence.................................................134
Recovering and Examining Computer Forensic Evidence...................................................140
International Principles for Computer Evidence...................................................................141
Chapter 9: Computer Crime Policy and Programs.....................................................................143
The National Infrastructure Protection Center Advisory 01−003..........................................143
The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996...........................................146
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks...................................................................................157
The Melissa Virus................................................................................................................163
Cybercrime Summit: A Law Enforcement/Information Technology Industry Dialogue........163
Chapter 10: International Aspects of Computer Crime..............................................................165
Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime.....................................................................165
Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime Frequently Asked Questions.......................168
Internet as the Scene of Crime............................................................................................168
Challenges Presented to Law Enforcement by High−Tech and Computer Criminals..........169
Problems of Criminal Procedural Law Connected with Information Technology.................169
Combating High−Tech and Computer−Related Crime........................................................169
Vienna International Child Pornography Conference...........................................................171
OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy..........................................................................171
Fighting Cybercrime: What are the Challenges Facing Europe?.........................................171
Chapter 11: Privacy Issues in the High−Tech Context..............................................................172
Law Enforcement Concerns Related to Computerized Databases......................................172
Enforcing the Criminal Wiretap Statute................................................................................174
Referring Potential Privacy Violations to the Department of Justice for Investigation
and Prosecution..................................................................................................................174
Testimony on Digital Privacy................................................................................................175
Chapter 12: Critical Infrastructure Protection.............................................................................176
Attorney General Janet Reno's Speech on Critical Infrastructure Protection......................176
Protecting the Nation's Critical Infrastructures: Presidential Decision Directive 63.............176
The Clinton Administration's Policy on Critical Infrastructure Protection: Presidential
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Table of Contents
Chapter 12: Critical Infrastructure Protection
Decision Directive 63..........................................................................................................177
Foreign Ownership Interests in the American Communications Infrastructure....................187
Carnivore and the Fourth Amendment.................................................................................188
Chapter 13: Electronic Commerce: Legal Issues.......................................................................195
Overview..............................................................................................................................195
Guide for Federal Agencies on Implementing Electronic Processes...................................195
Consumer Protection in the Global Electronic Marketplace.................................................196
The Government Paperwork Elimination Act.......................................................................196
Internet Gambling................................................................................................................197
Sale of Prescription Drugs Over the Internet.......................................................................197
Guidance on Implementing the Electronic Signatures in Global And National
Commerce Act (E−SIGN)....................................................................................................198
Part I: General Overview of the E−SIGN Act.......................................................................198
The Electronic Frontier: the Challenge of Unlawful Conduct Involving the Use of the
Internet................................................................................................................................215
Internet Health Care Fraud..................................................................................................217
Jurisdiction in Law Suits.......................................................................................................218
Electronic Case Filing at the Federal Courts.......................................................................225
Notes..............................................................................................................................226
Chapter 14: Legal Considerations in Designing and Implementing Electronic
Processes: A Guide for Federal Agencies.................................................................................229
Executive Summary.............................................................................................................229
Introduction..........................................................................................................................237
I. Why Agencies Should Consider Legal Risks....................................................................238
II. Legal Issues to Consider in "Going Paperless"...............................................................242
III. Reducing The Legal Risks in "Going Paperless"............................................................255
Conclusion...........................................................................................................................266
Notes..............................................................................................................................267
Chapter 15: Encryption.................................................................................................................273
Department of Justice FAQ on Encryption Policy (April 24, 1998)......................................273
Interagency and State and Federal Law Enforcement Cooperation....................................273
Law Enforcement's Concerns Related to Encryption...........................................................273
Privacy in a Digital Age: Encryption and Mandatory Access...............................................274
Modification of H.R. 695.......................................................................................................280
Security and Freedom Through Encryption Act...................................................................281
OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy..........................................................................285
Recommended Reading................................................................................................285
Chapter 16: Intellectual Property.................................................................................................286
Prosecuting Intellectual Property Crimes Guidance............................................................286
Deciding Whether to Prosecute an Intellectual Property Case............................................286
Government Reproduction of Copyrighted Materials...........................................................286
Federal Statutes Protecting Intellectual Property Rights.....................................................286
IP Sentencing Guidelines.....................................................................................................289
Intellectual Property Policy and Programs...........................................................................292
Copyrights, Trademarks and Trade Secrets........................................................................294
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Table of Contents
Section III: Forensics Tools..........................................................................................................296
Chapter List..........................................................................................................................296
......................................................................................................................................296
Chapter 17: Forensic and Security Assessment Tools..............................................................297
Detection, Protection, and Analysis.....................................................................................297
Detection and Prevention Tools for the PC Desktop...........................................................297
Analysis Tools......................................................................................................................299
Applications..........................................................................................................................301
Additional Free Forensics Software Tools...........................................................................307
Chapter 18: How to Report Internet−Related Crime...................................................................308
Overview..............................................................................................................................308
The Internet Fraud Complaint Center (IFCC)......................................................................309
Chapter 19: Internet Security: An Auditor's Basic Checklist....................................................310
Firewalls...............................................................................................................................310
Supported Protocols............................................................................................................311
Anti−Virus Updates..............................................................................................................311
Software Management Systems..........................................................................................312
Backup Processes and Procedures.....................................................................................312
Intra−Network Security........................................................................................................312
Section IV: Appendices.................................................................................................................314
Appendix List.......................................................................................................................314
......................................................................................................................................314
Appendix A: Glossary of Terms...........................................................................................314
A−C................................................................................................................................314
D..........................................................................................................................................317
E−G......................................................................................................................................319
H−I.......................................................................................................................................322
K−Q......................................................................................................................................323
R−S......................................................................................................................................324
T−W.....................................................................................................................................326
Appendix B: Recommended Reading List..................................................................................329
Books...................................................................................................................................329
Articles.................................................................................................................................332
Web Sites.............................................................................................................................333
List of Exhibits...............................................................................................................................337
Chapter 2: How to Begin a Non−Liturgical Forensic Examination.......................................337
Chapter 3: The Liturgical Forensic Examination: Tracing Activity on a Windows−Based
Desktop...............................................................................................................................337
Chapter 4: Basics of Internet Abuse: What is Possible and Where to Look Under the
Hood...................................................................................................................................337
Chapter 5: Tools of the Trade: Automated Tools Used to Secure a System Throughout
the Stages of a Forensic Investigation................................................................................338
Chapter 6: Network Intrusion Management and Profiling....................................................338
Chapter 8: Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence.............338
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Table of Contents
List of Exhibits
Chapter 9: Computer Crime Policy and Programs...............................................................338
Chapter 11: Privacy Issues in the High−Tech Context........................................................338
Chapter 12: Critical Infrastructure Protection.......................................................................339
Chapter 13: Electronic Commerce: Legal Issues.................................................................339
Chapter 14: Legal Considerations in Designing and Implementing Electronic
Processes: A Guide for Federal Agencies..........................................................................339
Chapter 18: How to Report Internet−Related Crime............................................................339
vi
Cyber Forensics—A Field Manual for Collecting,
Examining, and Preserving Evidence of Computer
Crimes
ALBERT J. MARCELLA, Ph.D.
ROBERT S. GREENFIELD Editors
AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington , D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging−in−Publication Data
Cyber forensics: a field manual for collecting, examining, and preserving evidence of
computer crimes / Albert J. Marcella, Robert Greenfield, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0−8493−0955−7 (alk. paper)
1. Computer crimes−−Investigation−−Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Marcella, Albert J. II. Greenfield,
Robert, 1961−
HV8079.C65 C93 2001
363.25'968−−dc21
2001053817
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
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Editors and Contributors
Albert J. Marcella, Jr., Ph.D., CFSA, COAP, CQA, CSP, CDP, CISA, is an associate professor of
Management in the School of Business and Technology, Department of Management, at Webster
University, in Saint Louis, Missouri. Dr. Marcella remains the president of Business Automation
Consultants, an information technology and management−consulting firm he founded in 1984. Dr.
Marcella has completed diverse technical security consulting engagements involving disaster
recovery planning, site and systems security, IT, financial and operational audits for an international
clientele. He has contributed numerous articles to audit−related publications and has authored and
co−authored 18 audit−related texts.
Robert S. Greenfield, MCP, has over 16 years of experience as a programmer/analyst, with the
past five years as a systems consultant and software engineer in the consulting field. He has
extensive experience designing software in the client/server environment. In addition to mainframe
experience on several platforms, his background includes systems analysis, design, and
development in client/server GUI and traditional environments. His client/server expertise includes
Visual Basic, Access, SQL Server, Sybase, and Oracle 7.3 development. Mr. Greenfield has
created intranet Web sites with FrontPage and distributing applications via the Internet. He currently
holds professional accreditation as a Microsoft Certified Professional and continues self paced
training to achieve MCSE, MCSD, and MCSE/D + Internet ratings.
Abigail Abraham is an Assistant State's Attorney, prosecuting high−technology crimes for the Cook
County State's Attorney's Office in Chicago, Illinois. She was awarded her J.D. from The University
of Chicago Law School and served as an editor on the law review. Following law school, she
clerked for one year for the Honorable Danny J. Boggs, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
She is an adjunct law professor at The University of Chicago Law School. In addition, she has
designed training for lawyers and for police officers, and lectures around the country on
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high−technology legal issues.
Brent Deterdeing graduated from the University of Missouri with a degree in computer science and
a minor in economics. Brent's involvement with SANS is extensive. He is an author of an upcoming
book on firewalls through SANS, as well as chairing the SANS/GIAC Firewalls Advisory Board. He
has mentored both small and large classes through SANS/GIAC Security Essentials Training &
Certification (GSEC). Brent also authors, revises, and edits SANS courseware, quizzes, and tests.
He has earned the SANS/GIAC GSEC (Security Essentials), GCFW (Firewall Analyst — HONORS),
GCIA (Intrusion Analyst), and GCIH (Incident Handling) certifications, as well as being a Red Hat
Certified Engineer (RHCE). Brent participates in the St. Louis InfraGard chapter.
John W. Rado is a geospatial analyst at National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) in St.
Louis, Missouri. John has worked for NIMA since January of 1991.
William J. Sampias has been involved in the auditing profession for the past decade, with primary
emphasis on audits of information systems. Mr. Sampias has published several works in the areas
of disaster contingency planning, end−user computing, fraud, effective communications, and
security awareness. Mr. Sampias is currently director of a state agency information systems audit
group.
Steven Schlarman, CISSP, is a security consultant with PricewaterhouseCoopers. Since joining
the firm in 1998, Steve has covered a number of roles, mainly as the lead developer of the
Enterprise Security Architecture System and Services. He has published articles on the subject as
well as being one of the major thought leaders in the PricewaterhouseCoopers' Enterprise Security
Architecture Service line. Prior to joining the firm, Steve had worked on multiple platforms including
PC applications, networking, and midrange and mainframe systems. His background includes
system security, system maintenance, and application development. Steve has completed
numerous technical security consulting engagements involving security architectures, penetration
studies ("hacking studies"), network and operating system diagnostic reviews, and computer crime
investigation. He has participated in both PC computer forensic analysis and network intrusion
management and investigation. Prior to PricewaterhouseCoopers, Steve worked at a U.S. state law
enforcement agency in the information systems division.
Carol Stucki is working as a technical producer for PurchasePro.com, a rapidly growing dot.com
company that is an application service provider specializing in Internet−based procurement. Carol's
past experiences include working with GTE, Perot Systems, and Arthur Andersen as a programmer,
system analyst, project manager, and auditor.
Dedication
Erienne, Kristina, and Andy
Michael Jordan said it best, thus, what more can I say…
I approached practices the same way I approached games. You can't turn it on and
off like a faucet. I couldn't dog it during practice and then, when I needed that extra
push late in the game, expect it to be there. But that's how a lot of people fail. They
sound like they're committed to being the best they can be. They say all the right
things, make all the proper appearances. But when it comes right down to it, they're
looking for reasons instead of answers. If you're trying to achieve, there will be
roadblocks. I've had them; everybody has had them. But obstacles don't have to stop
you. If you run into a wall, don't turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it,
3