Current Topics in Vector Research PDF
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Current Topics in Vector Research Current Topics in Vector Research Edited by Kerry F. Harris Virus-Vector Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA Editorial Board Willy Burgdorfer Epidemiology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA Paul E.M. Fine Ross Institute, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC 1 England Richard I.B. Francki Virus Laboratory, The University of Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Isaac Harpaz Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel Harry Hoogstraal Medical Zoology Department, United States Naval Medical Research Unit No.3, New York, New York 09527, USA Edouard Kurstak Comparative Virology Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal H3C 317, Canada John J. McKelvey, Jr. Associate Director of Agricultural Sciences for The Rockefeller Foundation (Retired). Richfield Hill Farm, Route 1, Box 144-A, Richfield Springs, New York 13439, USA Robert F. Whitcomb Plant Disease Vector Laboratory, SEA-USDA, B465, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA Telford H. Work Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA Current Topics in Vector Research Volume 3 Edited by Kerry F. Harris With Contributions by D.J. Gubler C.Hiruki B.H. Kay K. Kiritani S. Miyai F. Nakasuji Y.O. Paliwal D.C. Ramsdell Y. Robert R. Stace-Smith H.A. Standfast D.S. Teakle With 25 Illustrations Springer- Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Kerry F. Harris Virus-Vector Laboratory Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 USA Volumes 1 and 2 of Current Topics in Vector Research were published by Praeger Publishers, New York, New York. ISSN: 0737-8491 ©1987 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edtion 1987 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by David E. Seham Associates Inc., Metuchen, New Jersey. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9115-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-4688-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4688-6 In Memoriam We grieve the loss of our friend and fellow editorial board member, Dr. Harry Hoogstraal (1917-1986). Harry served as Head of the Department of Medical Zoology of the United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three in Cairo for 36 years. Early in his career, he became re nowned as the world's foremost authority on the biology, distribution, systematics, behavior, and evolution of ticks, and their medical importance as vectors of viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, and protozoans affecting human and animal health. His scientific genius and breadth of intellectual and cultural interests amply qualified Harry as a Renaissance man. Whereas he was one of the most highly honored and warmly regarded research biologists of our time, he was equally well known and regarded by others as a sculptor, collector of art, collector of rare cactuses, Egyptologist, and tropical fish aficionado. He was immensely important in our eyes and in the eyes of all his friends and colleagues; however, he was never self important and always maintained a healthy sense of humor. One had only to be with Harry briefly to sense the presence of a kind and caring person. His reputation as a humanitarian will certainly live on in the hearts and minds of those who knew him and the many who were helped by him. Recently, I was pleasantly reminded of Harry's many quiet, exemplary qualities, both as man and scientist, while reading his tribute to Theobald Smith in the 1986 spring issue of the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America (Volume 32, Number 1). I could not help but think that Theo bald would have been honored too. Thanks for you, Harry. Knowing you has made our lives richer. We miss you. Editor Editorial Board Members Kerry F. Harris Willy Burgdorfer Edouard Kurstak Paul E.M. Fine John J. McKelvey, Jr. Richard LB. Francki Robert F. Whitcomb Isaac Harpaz Telford H. Work Preface Vector transmission of pathogens affecting human, animal, and plant health continues to plague mankind both in industrialized and Third World coun tries. The diseases caused by these pathogens cost billions of dollars an nually in medical expenses and lost productivity. Some cause widespread destruction of food- and fiber-producing plants and animals, whereas others present direct and immediate threats to human life and further development in Third World countries. During the past 15 years or so, we have witnessed an explosive increase in interest in how vectors acquire, carry, and subsequently inoculate dis ease agents to human, animal, and plant hosts. This interest transcends the boundaries of anyone discipline and involves researchers from such varied fields as human and veterinary medicine, entomology, plant pa thology, virology, physiology, microbiology, parasitology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic engineering, ultrastructure, biophysics, bio systematics, biogeography, ecology, behavioral sciences, and others. Ac companying and perhaps generating this renewed interest is the realization that fundamental knowledge of pathogen-vector-host interrelationships is a first and necessary step in our quest for efficient, safe methods of disease control. With recent emphasis on a more organismic approach to vector research, today, as never before, researchers from the human, animal, and plant "camps" are working together in a common cause: control and eventual elimination of vector-associated diseases and human suffering. It is my hope that Current Topics{n Vector Research both reflects and stimulates this newly emerging cooperativeness. It is the first book series to report vector research from all three health areas: human, animal, and plant. Its primary purpose is to encourage communication among vector specialists and generalists alike around the world by providing a common forum to share data, ideas, and technologies relative to all types of pathogen-vector host transmission systems and disease control strategies and to discuss past, present, and likely future trends in research. I thank the authors in Volume 3 for their outstanding contributions, and viii Preface the members of the Editorial Board for their help and encouragement. We welcome and thank the staff of our new publishers, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., for their encouragement and technical assistance. We look forward to an enduring and mutually rewarding relationship. And, I again thank The Rockefeller Foundation and its Associate Director for Agricultural Sciences, now retired, Dr. John J. McKelvey, Jr., for their collaboration and support of our efforts from the very start. Indeed, more than any other factor, the interest and enthusiasm generated by several vector symposia at The Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Conference Center confirmed my belief that there was more than ample interest and progress in vector research worldwide and sufficient esprit de corps among researchers to warrant a series such as Current Topics in Vector Research. Kerry F. Harris Contents In Memoriam .......................................................... v Preface ................................................................. vii Contributors........................................................... XIII Ecology of Arboviruses and Their Vectors in Australia Brian H. Kay and Harry A. Stand/ast ......................... . Introduction ....................................................... 1 Characters and Events ............................................ 2 Virus Isolations ................................................... 6 Vectors and Their Competence.................................. 14 Vertebrate Hosts.................................................. 21 Strategies for Survival ............................................ 23 Future Impressions ............................................... 25 References ......................................................... 27 2 Current Research on Dengue Duane 1. Gubler .................................................. 37 Introduction ....................................................... 37 Epidemiology ...................................................... 38 Clinical Studies .................................................... 44 Laboratory Diagnosis ............................................. 45 Prevention and Control ........................................... 48 Conclusions ....................................................... 49 References ......................................................... 50 3 Systems Approaches for Management of Insect-Borne Rice Diseases Keizi Kiritani, Fusao Nakasuji, and Shun'ichi Miyai .......... 57 Introduction ....................................................... 57 Ecology and Epidemiology ....................................... 58 Mathematical Models in Epidemiology .......................... 59 x Contents Systems Approaches ............................................. . 65 Recent Advances in Mathematical Epidemiology of Rice Dwarf Virus ...................................................... . 72 Conclusion ........................................................ . 76 References ........................................................ . 77 4 Aphid Vector Monitoring in Europe Yvon Robert ...................................................... . 81 Introduction ...................................................... . 81 Aims and Requirements of Aphid Vector Monitoring (A VM) in Europe ......................................................... . 84 Historical Background to Aphid Trapping ..................... . 91 Achievements .................................................... . 97 Conclusion ........................................................ . 118 References ........................................................ . 120 5 Nepoviruses of the Americas Richard Stace-Smith and Donald C. Ramsdell 131 Introduction ...................................................... . 131 The Nepovirus Group ........................................... . 132 Nepoviruses as Disease Agents ........................ .' ........ . 136 Ecology and Epidemiology ...................................... . 148 Prevention and Control .......................................... . 152 Concluding Remarks ............................................. . 158 References ........................................................ . 159 6 Viral Replication, Translation, and Assembly of Nepoviruses Donald C. Ramsdell ............................................. . 167 Multicomponent Nature of Nepoviruses ....................... . 167 Replication Studies .............................................. . 168 Cellular Sites of Replication and Synthesis .................... . 169 The Presence of 5' -Genome-Linked Proteins .................. . 170 The Presence of 3'-Genomic Polyadenylate .................... . 170 Little or No Base Sequence Homology Exists Between the Different RNA Species .......................................... . 170 Cell-Free Protein Synthesis ..................................... . 171 Satellite RN As ................................................... . 172 Protein Subunits and Reassembly .............................. . 173 References ........................................................ . 174 7 Soil-Borne Viruses of Plants Chuji Hiruki and David S. Teakle 177 Introduction ....................................................... 177 Mechanically Transmitted Soil-Borne Viruses .................. 178 Fungus-Transmitted Viruses ..................................... 186 Contents xi N ematode-Transmitted Viruses 189 Insect-Transmitted Viruses ...................................... . 194 Other Soil-Borne Viruses ........................................ . 194 Ecological Significance of Properties of Viruses .............. . 195 Conclusion ........................................................ . 199 References ........................................................ . 202 8 Immunoelectron Microscopy of Plant Viruses and Mycoplasma Yogesh C. Paliwal ............................................... . 217 Introduction ...................................................... . 217 Techniques ....................................................... . 218 Applications ...................................................... . 228 References ........................................................ . 243 Index ...........' ...................................................... . 251
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