Description:Halbwachs, see Coser's survey in Halbwachs (1992), 21-34, and Olick & Robbins (1998). Important recent studies on collective memory include Assmann & Czaplicka (1995), Erll & Rigney (2006), Assmann (2011), and Olick,. Vinitzky-Seroussi, & Levy (2011). The term “cultural memory,” first introduce