CSAP Communications Technical Assistance Bulletin: Communicating Appropriately with Asian and Pacific Islander Audiences

12 Pages·1997·0.73 MB·English

by  Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

ffl SubstanceAbuseandMentalHealthServicesAdministration
CenterforSubstanceAbusePrevention
Technical Assistance Bulletin
Communicating Appropriately With Asian and
Pacific Islander Audiences
Developing culturally appropriateprevention messages and materialsforAsian and
Pacific Islander audiences is challenging. It is important to recognize and respect
theirgeographic, ethnic, racial, cultural, economic, social, and linguistic diversity.
The health communicationprocess enablesplanners to meet the challenge of
developingprogramsfor this targetpopulation.
Asian and Pacific Islander (API) populations
Asian and Pacific Islander
in the United States are extremely diverse
Populations
and differ significantly in theirtraditional
values and customs as well as in theirhisto- The origins ofAsians andPacific Islanders
ries ofacculturation and assimilation into livinginthe UnitedStates include
American culture. MostAPI communities Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia,
consist primarily ofimmigrants, with about China, HongKong, India, Indonesia,
67 percent (many Japan, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, the
whom
Special thanks to of are re- Maldives, Melanesia, Micronesia,
FordH. Kuramoto, cent Southeast Mongolia, North Korea, Pakistan, the
D.S.W., the major Asian refugees) Philippines, Singapore, SriLanka, South
speaking a lan- Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, andVietnam.
contributor to the
guage otherthan
The largest populations ofAsians and
writing ofthis English at home.
Pacific Islanders, in order
document. The 1990 Census
ofmagnitude, are inCalifornia
countedmore than
(22,845,659 representing 9.6 percent of
7 million Asians in 28 ethnicities and Pacific the State's population), NewYork
Islanders in 19 ethnicities (see box). (693,760 representing 3.9 percent),
Through the early 1990's, the API popula- Hawaii (685,236 representing61.8
tion in the United States had the fastest percent), Texas (319,459 representing 1.9
growth rate ofall racial and ethnic groups percent), and Illinois (285,311
and is expected to reach 41 million by 2050. representing 2.5 percent). In addition,
about400,000 Pacific Islanders live in six
Asians and Pacific Islanders are often per-
islandjurisdictions: American Samoa,
ceived as a "model community" with few, if Commonwealth ofthe Northern Mariana
any, problems related to substance abuse. It
Islands, FederatedStates ofMicronesia,
is importantto dispel this myth, generate Guam, Republic ofthe Marshall Islands,
more informed perspectives on use rates, andthe Republic ofPalau.
and recognize differences in abuse among
API populations. Although there are fewer
Sources. 1990U.S. Census; O'HareandFelt, 1991.
data on API populations than on other
r
jy USDEPARTMENTOFHEALTHAND HUMANSERVICES
yT_ SubstanceAbuse andMentalHealthServicesAdministration June 1997
CenterforSubstanceAbusePrevention
population groups, available substance abuse
studies indicate that in general, drug use among The Health
Asian and Pacific Islanders is less frequent than
Communication Process
that ofnon-Asian populations (NIDA, 1995).
However, specific studies can help to identify
potential problem areas, for example:
Asians and Pacific Islanders in NewYork
2.Definingyour
State use cocaine at the same rate as African messagesand
channels
Appeemrreccreeinnctt)a),nhssiiagmhnieldarritnthhoaanlHaiAnsftprsaincaitacnasAr(ma1te6erip(ce1ra4cnesnt()1,1 W'yPaolpaupnrr1n.oiancgh///> k^AmDaeyvoteuelrroipailngs\\\
^Band \
but lowerthanWhites (23 percent) (Austin pretesting
and Gilbert, 1994). ^\ W
Asians and Pacific Islanders on the West 6.fUeseindgback ^\— ^Implem*enting/1
Coastmaybe at relativelyhigher risk for .kttoherepfrionegram theprogram/
illicit druguse and forusing these drugs in S.Evaluating
theprogram
sequence with alcohol andtobacco
(Ellickson et al., 1992).
Asian andPacific Islandermales show a
higherpastmonthuse ofcigarettes than
AfricanAmericans, but a loweruse than
other ethnic groups (NIDA, 1995).
2. Research the Problem
1. Use the Health When planning and selecting a prevention
Communication Process program's strategy, it is essential to gather data
about substance abuse and related problems
To develop culturally appropriate, effective amongthe Asians and Pacific Islanders within
prevention strategies forAsian and Pacific Is- the community. Different API populations and
lander populations, use the six-stage health subgroups within those populations often have
—
communication process planning and strategy varying needs because ofdifferent demo-
selection, selecting messages, materials, and graphic profiles, cultural values, and geopoliti-
channels, developingmaterials and pretesting, cal considerations. These differences
implementation, assessing effectiveness, and underscore the diversity that exists as well as
feedback to refine the program (see box). Cy- the importance oftargeting messages and mate-
cling and recyclingthrough the stages will also rials to specific segments or groups. It is impor-
help ensure cultural competence through the tant to:
application ofacademic and interpersonal skills
Review existing national, regional, and local
that allow for an increasedunderstanding and
studies and resources. (See the Reference/
appreciation ofcultural differences and similari-
tieswithin, among, and between groups. Note Resources list at the end ofthis bulletin.)
that achieving cultural competence requires a Identify gaps in information and collect
willingness and abilityto draw on community- additional data as necessary. Qualitative
basedvalues andtraditions, andtoworkwith research through the use ofethnographic
knowledgeable persons oforfrom the targeted studies, focus groups, and community
community or population in developing strate- forums can provide useful information
gies, messages, and materials. about the substance abuse problems within
^^11)32^3
the API community and its subgroups. (See Asian and Pacific Islanderwomen in California
Key Issues forAPI Audiences box.) were found to use less alcohol, tobacco, and
marijuana than API men, butAPI women and
Involve the leaders within the API
men had similaruse rates for cocaine, amphet-
community in the planning process not
amines, inhalants, and depressants (Austin and
onlyto determine the nature and extent of
Gilbert, 1994).
the substance abuse problems but also to
identify assets and resources within the
Cultural and Other Factors Related to
communitythat can be usedto help
SubstanceAbuse
address these problems.
Involve members ofthe target audience. Research may also reveal differences in cul-
Talk to them about how theyperceive the tural and otherfactors related to substance
abuse. HowAPI populations in the United
substance abuse problems within the API
States canvary in terms ofproblems, needs,
community.
and risk factors related to substance abuse is
SubstanceAbuse DifferencesAmong demonstrated bythe following information
and WithinAsian and Pacific Islander (summ—arized from California community fo-
Populations rums Sasao, 1991):
Chinese. Most commonly usedsubstances:
Research may reveal differences in substance
Tobacco and alcohol.
abuse among andwithin API populations in
At risk:Adolescents andyoung adults,
the community. For example, forPacific Is-
immigrants, low-income households,
landers alcohol usually appears to be the most
and older adult males (due to heavy
pervasive substance abuse problem. American
responsibility placed on them by their
Samoa and other Pacific Islandjurisdictions
culture). Riskfactors: Immigration and
reported problems with alcohol, especially
adjustment toAmerican culture;
amongyouth (Whitney and Hanipale, 1991).
intergenerational family conflicts (which
In addition, Pacific Islanders in a California
often lead to isolation, depression, and
student survey consis-
gang activity among adolescents).
There are tently reported the
Immigrant Chinese under-estimate health
highest rate ofalco-
important hazards oftobacco and alcohol; prevailing
hol consumption,
differences in followed by Koreans, attitudes encourage use both in China and
in the United States.
substance Filipinos,Japanese,
abuse among SoutheastAsians, and Japanese. Mostcommonly used
Asian and Chinese. The survey substances:Alcohol andmarijuana (to a
showed a similarpat- lesserextent, tobacco, "crack" cocaine, and
Pacific Islander tern fortobacco and "speed"). At risk:Adolescents andyoung
populations. illicit druguse, al- adultswith parents and peers who use
though Southeast substances; new immigrants who cope
Asians reported higheruses ofcocaine and with feelings ofisolation and depression
amphetamines (Austin and Gilbert, 1994). byjoining a drug-using subculture. Risk
Gender differences in substance abuse may factors: Divorce, immigration.
also emerge. For example, 45 percent ofCam- Koreans. Most commonly used
bodian women in a Massachusetts sample said substances:Alcohol (whiskey and rice
theyused alcohol fornervousness, stress, wine) and "crack" cocaine. At risk:
headaches, insomnia, and pain, and 58 percent Adolescents, young adults, and males;
ofa sample in California reported they mis- elderly persons who abuse prescription
used prescription drugs to get an altered state drugs or over-the-counter medication from
(DAvanzo et al., 1994). For another example, Korea. Riskfactors: Cultural norms for
Key Issues for API Audiences
Immigration. The immigration and assimilatedAsian and Pacific Islanders
refugee status ofa group can serve as a should demonstrate drinking patterns
majorrisk factorfor substance abuse more similarto American culture. Orit
problems. Recent immigrants may may be that alcohol consumption
experience language and cultural among Asian and Pacific Islanders
barriers; unemployment orunder- increases as away ofcopingwith stress
employment; educational, social, and that is the result ofchanges in social
health difficulties; the pressures of norms, familyrelationships, andupward
beingnew, poor, and a minorityin an mobility.
unfamiliar community; and feelings of
Intergenerational conflict. The
loss, grief, separation, and isolation as
children ofimmigrant parents often
they adjust to a differentway oflife. cope more readilywith and adaptmere
Acculturation. Forsome Asians and quickly to the American culture and
Pacific Islanders, increased assimilation language than their elders. This can put
into the mainstreamAmerican culture them in conflict with the cultural
has resulted in a loss oftraditional traditions, beliefs, values, and practices
culturalvalues and norms. This process oftheirparents, grandparents, and
ofacculturation has placed API country oforigin as well as cause
populations at increased risk for communication problems.
substance abuse problems, and
Children and adolescents may also
acculturation has been identified by
be asked to serve as translators and
some as having a major influence on
intermediaries between their families
drinking patterns, with the greaterthe and their new communities. For some
acculturation level the greaterthe
teenagers prematurely assuming adult
amount ofdrinking.
roles and responsibilities can result in
Thus itmaybe thatAsian and Pacific rebellious or other alienating behavior.
Islanderswho are recent immigrants Such stresses on the family can make all
should have drinking patterns similarto family members more vulnerable to
their country oforiginwhile more substance abuse.
masculine behavior (for example, males drunk driving, cultural acceptance of
are encouraged to drink and smoke as a drinking and smoking among males, and
sign ofmasculinity, which often leads to female gang activity.
driving underthe influence, domestic
Vietnamese. Most commonly used
violence, and juvenile delinquency).
substances: Tobacco, marijuana, and
Filipino. Most commonly usedsubstances: alcohol (especially amongVietnamWar
Alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. At risk: veterans). At risk: Low-income, adolescent
Adolescent andyoung adult males; new males; adult male immigrants and
immigrants. Riskfactors: Family problems refugees. Riskfactors- Refugee status,
associatedwith immigration and immigration, adjustment to American
adjustmentto American culture; juvenile culture, intergenerational conflict, and
c
delinquency, under-employment, suicide, juvenile delinquency. Many adolescents
receive inadequate
Dispel the myth parental supervision due 3. Define the Target Audience
ofthe "model to the hours that parents
— Essential for successful communication pro-
community" work. Adult male
immigrants and refugees grams targeted toAsians and Pacific Islanders is
generate more identifying the specific population group or
often suffer from
informed frustration and segment that the program is trying to reach.
Considerthe following in defining and seg-
perspectives depression in adjusting
menting the Asian and Pacific Islander audi-
on use rates. to American culture
ence:
when they feel loss of
theirrole in the family. Ethnicity
Refugee status and changing roles in a new
Geographic origins
culture often strain relationships, aswhen
women become the main source offinancial Age
support and children become translators and Gender
intermediaries for theirparents.
Cultural characteristics (e.g., language
Cambodian. Most commonly used
proficiency and religion) and norms
substances:Alcohol and tobacco (to a lesser
extent, "crack" cocaine and "ice"). At risk: Generational status
Majority ofthe populationwho are low-
Immigration experience
income individuals (ofall ages and gender),
are traumatized bythe war and refugee Marital status
experience, and are struggling to survive in Family structure
the United States. Riskfactors:
Unemployment, family and marital conflict, Socioeconomic class
and juvenile delinquency. Educational attainment
Laotian. Most commonly usedsubstances: Literacy level
Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. At risk:
Those whowere traumatized by the war and Degree ofacculturation
refugee experience, especiallymales. Risk Health status
factors: Unemployment, family and marital
Risk and protective factors
conflict, andjuvenile delinquency.
Hmong. Most commonly usedsubstances: Nature and level ofsubstance use.
Alcohol, tobacco, and opiates (e.g., opium). Researchwill help identifythe specific popula-
At risk: Adolescents and adults. Riskfactors: tion groups thatwill be targetedwith preven-
Stress and peer pressure. Substance use is tion messages. Gatheringbetter information
reported to be declining in this population about these groups increases the likelihood of
as they learn the health consequences of developing messages and materials thatwill be
substance abuse andvoluntarily discontinue effective in addressing specific prevention
use. needs. For example, Chinese-Americans who
have lived in a particular
Thai. Most commonly usedsubstances:
community for several gen-
Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and ampheta- Identify a
erations will have very dif-
mines. At risk: Single, monolingual, less-
ferent issues, problems, specific
educatedyoung adult immigrants. Risk
and concerns than recent
factors: Lack ofsuccess in adapting to new population
immigrants from Cambodia
culture, unemployment, family and marital orPacific Islanderswho are orgroup.
conflict, and physicalviolence associated
residents ofSamoa. Each of
with drinking.
these population groups may require the de- bers oftarget audience. Testmessages and
velopment ofdifferent communication strate- materials through informal discussions or
gies, types ofmaterials, and channels and through more structured focus groups and
intermediaries for effective delivery ofpreven- pretesting formats to ensure thatthey are re-
tion messages. sponsive to the needs and concerns ofthe
target group. Revise materials based on the
Once a particular segment ofthe Asian and
feedback obtained from prevention experts,
Pacific Islander community is identified, con- community leaders, and target audience mem-
tinue the research. Develop a profile ofthe
bers. Have messages and materials reviewed
target group that reflects the factors just listed
again to ensure thatthey are culturally compe-
as well as psychographic information about
tent and effective in reaching the intended
the population, including its knowledge, atti-
audience.
tudes, beliefs, andpractices with respect to
substance use; lifestyle habits and leisure ac- Avoid concepts and messages that "blame the
tivities; andways ofobtaining information, victim" or emphasize problems and pathology
because they are less likelyto be effective with
API populations. For example, do not say
"high-riskyouth," but referinstead to "youth
4. Develop and Test Messages living in high risk environments."
and Materials
Understanding the specific cultural values and
In developing messages andmaterials norms ofthe target group is essential. For ex-
forthe Asian and Pacific Islandertarget audi- ample, many Pacific Islander cultures have a
ence, it maybe necessary to use several lan- holistic worldview that sees a strong interrela-
guages ordialects, different types ofreading tionship among the spiritual world, family,
material, andvarying cultural contexts. For community, and the universe. In Hawaiian
example, prevention messages may need to be culture, for example, great emphasis is placed
written and/orspoken in both Cantonese and on social relationships based on genealogy,
Mandarin Chinese. Depending on literacy lev- with the terms "Wakea" (Father Sky) and
els, print materials may need to be presented "Papa" (Mother Earth) reflecting how the natu-
in simple terms with illustrations and photo- ral world is perceived in terms offamily rela-
graphs. The cultural context may require that tionships. Thus fostering group harmony,
prevention messages be presented in different support, and well-being in the context ofsuch
ways for different popu- a worldview may be a useful approach in
lations (e.g., Pacific Is- designing prevention programs for Native Ha-
Consider the landers, South Asians, waiians.
impact of SoutheastAsians) and Further, note thatAsian and Pacific Islander
culture. tailored even more spe- groups may differ in their cultural back-
cifically for subgroups grounds and practices with respect to sub-
(e.g., Hawaiians, Samo- stance use, but most encourage moderate use
ans). Additional consideration must be given
ofalcohol.
to further defining the cultural context and
environment ofthese subgroups. (Are the
messages andmaterials being developed for
Samoans residing in Samoa, in the Hawaiian 5. Select Appropriate Channels
Islands, orin the continental United States?)
Given the tremendous diversity amongAsian
The relevance and effectiveness ofprevention and Pacific Islander populations, it
messages can be enhanced by developing is essential that the channels selected to de-
them in consultation with community opinion liverprevention messages and materials are
leaders and gatekeepers as well as with mem- tailored to the needs ofspecific target audi- c
Guidelines for Developing Appropriate Prevention Messages
and Materials for API Audiences
Avoid the use ofstereotypes. Use the target audience's traditional
culture as a basis for prevention
Attain cultural competency in the
messages and as a source for
development and evaluation of
communication strategies and
all messages, materials, and
channels.
programs.
Involve members ofthe community
Develop messages and materials that
in identifying the real issues and
emphasize the role ofparents and
problems and in developing
supportthe cultural strengths within the
messages and effective strategies
family.
for changing community norms
Recognize the role ofelders and involve about substance abuse.
them in prevention efforts.
Use writers and editors who are from
Emphasize the varying religious belief the targeted ethnic group and
systems and philosophical orientations geographic area.
found among the diverse API
Promote an understanding of
populations.
substance abuse prevention
Establish a clear definition ofsubstance information, health promotion, and
abusewhen considering substances that disease prevention strategies, and of
are indigenous to some Asian and ways members ofthe community can
Pacific Islander cultures, such as betel take action on their own behalfas
nut, kava, and "sakau." individuals and as a community.
ences. These channels can range from the Traditional Channels
most sophisticated high technology computer-
ManyAPI populations, particularly those from
based electronic communications to ethnic
the Pacific Islands, have oral traditions for com-
newspapers and other media outlets and to
municating information and messages. In these
person-to-person relationships forthe ex-
change ofideas and information. What is suit- cultures, the use oftraditional channels such as
able for one target audience may not be for chant, dance, music, song, talking through
another. For example, in many ofthe Pacific chiefs, and special dialogues or stories can be
effective in conveying prevention messages. For
Islanderjurisdictions the lack ofreliable tele-
example:
phone lines formodems can be a barrierfor
online computer communication; yet in Guam In Ebeye, use the "leroj" (the chiefs sister,
the use ofelectronic head ofland) to communicate information.
telecommunication
In Hawaii (for Native Hawaiians), ask the
Carefully select systems through
"kupuna" (elders) to revisit the resources of
channels that PeaceSat is an impor-
culture to bring about prevention.
arefamiliar to tant potential vehicle
fordelivery ofpre- In Samoa, work through the "matai" (chiefs)
the audience.
vention messages. who can speak to their communities about
allowing prevention workers to speak.
InYap, have the priests speak about Electronic Media
substance abuse issues in their sermons; or
use magic and a "people-to-people" In many cities radio andtelevision stations air
Asian and Pacific Islander programming. For
connection to restore and revive those
who need help to good health. example, LosAngeles has radio and local
cable television programs in several Asian and
Note, however, thatrelying on oral means of Pacific Islanderlanguages, including Chinese,
communication may create problemswith Japanese, Korean, andVietnamese; and Hono-
standardization and replication ofmessages, lulu offers radio programs in many languages
and materials foruse in otherareas. including Chinese,Japanese, Korean, Samoan,
Tagalog, andTongan. Some ofthese Asian and
Community Organizations Pacific Islanderradio andtelevision programs
Messages andmaterials can be disseminated have an interest in health and social issues and
will broadcast as well as feature regular speak-
through a network ofcommunity-based agen-
ers and/ortopics related to substance abuse
cies involved in substance abuse problem pre-
prevention.
vention and/orprimaryhealth care services for
the Asian andPacific Islander communities.
Print Media
But other community organizations can also be
used as effective channels forthe delivery of Many newspapers and magazines are
prevention messages. For example, local inAsian and Pacific Islander languages, with
chambers ofcommerce can help to identify some in both English and an Asian language.
businesses in the community run byAsians Although most print media are focused on a
and Pacific Islanders, such as restaurants, im- single Asian and Pacific Islandergroup, publi-
port/export firms, and translation services. cations such as "Asian Week" target several
UnitedWay can be a source ofinformation Asian and Pacific Islanderpopulations. An
about agencies in the community concerned example ofhow an ethnic newspaper ad-
withAPI social service needs and problems. dresses substance abuse prevention is a regu-
Indigenous community organizations can play lar advice column, similarto "DearAbby," that
a vital role in reachingyouth and family repre- deals primarilywith health, prevention, and
sentatives, as in Samoa, where the culture related issues in the Los Angeles area's Chi-
makes it easyto delivermessages through nese language newspaper.
churches and otherreligious
Considerusing the indigenous ethnic print
organizations.
media to reach a large segment ofthe more
Interpersonal Channels recently arrived immigrant populations, espe-
cially those that are monolingual or bilingual
Youth are often the most effective in commu- and interested in news and programs that re-
nicating prevention messages to otheryouth in flect theirnative countries. These media may
peer group and training settings. Familymem- be especially useful conveying prevention
bers and other adults are often most influ- messages to olderAPI populations with lim-
enced byparents groups and other activities ited English-speaking skills.
led by lay persons. The elders in the commu-
nitymaybe particularly effective in transmit-
tingto the youngergeneration thevalues,
strengths, customs, and norms ofthe tradi-
tional culture.
c
8
competence. Many cultural issues and factors
6. Evaluate the Effectiveness unique to API populations need to be consid-
of Messages and Materials ered in the design and implementation of
evaluation efforts. It is notwithin the scope of
Planning for evaluation ofhow effective pre- this bulletin to discuss the complexities in-
vention messages and materials have been in volved in developing a culturally competent
reaching and influencing the intended audi- evaluation framework or culturallyvalid mea-
ence is essential. Evaluation should occur at sures for assessing the outcomes ofAPI com-
several key points in the life ofthe program. munication programs for substance abuse
Formative research can be conducted in the problem prevention, but the resources list that
early stages ofplanning to determine the follows can help.
needs ofthe target population and how best to
reach this audience. Pretestingofthe concepts,
messages, and materials with prevention ex-
perts, key influentials, community leaders, and References/Resources
members ofthe target
Akutsu P, Sue S, Zane N, Nakamura, C. Ethnic
audience can result in
differences in alcohol consumption among
Remember to essential information to Asians and Caucasians in the United States.
evaluate! guide the final develop- JournalofStudies onAlcohol1989; 50; 261-267.
ment ofthe products
and program. Austin G, GilbertM. ATOD UseAmongAsian
American Youth. Unpublished manuscript,
Process evaluationcan be used to study the 1994. Contact the CSAP Communications Team
procedures and tasks involved in implement- for availability information.
ing the program or activities. It can help assess Austin G, GilbertM. SubstanceAbuseAmong
how many materials are being distributed; Latino Youth(Prevention Research Update 3).
whetherthey are reaching the intended audi- Los Alamitos, CA, western Regional Centerfor
ence; and other measures ofhowwell a pro- Drug-Free Schools andCommunities, Spring
gram is working. 1989.
Outcome evaluationaftermaterials have been CenterforSubstance Abuse Prevention (CSAP).
disseminated and promoted can help deter- Asian andPacificIslanderAmericansATOD
mine the short- and midterm results ofpreven- Resource Guide, 1995. Available fromthe Na-
tion efforts. This information can then be used tional Clearinghouse forAlcohol and Drug In-
formation (NCADI).
to reassess, redefine, and refine prevention
messages, strategies, and programs to ensure Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP).
that subsequent efforts to reach the target MakingPrevention Work: ActionsforAsian/
group willbe even more effective. PacificIslanderCommunities. One page fact
sheet available from NCADI.
Impactevaluationcan be designed to measure
longerterm effects ofthe prevention program Centerfor Substance Abuse Prevention. Techni-
on the substance abuse problems in a commu- calAssistance Bulletins. The followingtitles in
nity or among a segment ofthe population. It the series are especially relevant and are avail-
able from NCADI:
addresses a more complex situation that may
require multiple program strategies overtime Evaluating theResults ofCommunication
to achieve long term goals, for example reduc- Programs, (inprocess).
ing the number ofyouth in the community Identifying the TargetAudience, 1997.
who use marijuana.
A KeyStep in DevelopingPreventionMateri-
Evaluation ofsubstance abuse prevention ma- alsIs To Obtain Expertand GatekeeperRe-
terials and programs forAsian and Pacific Is- views, 199'4.
lander communities requires cultural
—
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CesarChavezAvenue, Suite B, Los Angeles,
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CA90012-2818. (213-625-5795)
CenterforSubstance Abuse Prevention, Cultural
National Clearinghouse forAlcohol and
Competence Series. Developing Cultural Compe-
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MD
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