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Machine Translated by Google Alexander Galushka | Artur Niyazmetov M axim Okulov CRYSTAL G ROWTH to t he Russian economic m iracle Machine Translated by Google Alexander Galushka | Artur Niyazmetov M axim O kulov CRYSTAL G ROWTH to the R ussian economic miracle Moscow 2021 Machine Translated by Google UDC 3 3 BBK 65.01 D 1 68 Published with s upport State Corporation "Rostec", JSC " Siber" a nd J SC "RT-Guard" Authors of t he b ook “ GROWTH C RYSTAL. Toward t he R ussian Economic M iracle" Alexander Galushka, A rtur Niyazmetov, M axim Okulov w ere a warded the H onorary Diploma o f t he P ublic chambers of t he R ussian F ederation. Galushka A.S., Niyazmetov A.K., O kulov M.O. G168 Growth c rystal to t he R ussian economic miracle. - M., 2021. - 360 p ., illustration. In t he 20th century, o ur country set a world r ecord f or t he rate o f average annual economic growth in 1 929– 1955, w hich remains u nsurpassed t o this d ay. I n an effort t o understand the t rue causes o f such a phenomenon, this book w as w ritten. To understand t he Russian e conomy a nd i ts true potential , t he a uthors t urn to primary s ources, archival documents, including previously classified documents, world e conomic theory and b est m anagement practices. Analysis f rom today's historical h eight allows us t o propose solutions t hat c an ensure t he h igh growth of the R ussian economy in the p resent and future. ISBN 9 78-5-6046834-8-4 UDC 3 3 BBK 6 5.01 © G alushka A .S., N iyazmetov A.K., O kulov M.O., text, 2 021 © L arionov A.Yu., a rtistic d esign, 2 021 © O ur T omorrow L LC, 2021 Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google A b ook Crystal o f G rowth comes o ut s urprisingly on time. Today, w hen the world economy is e xperiencing a g lobal crisis, and the p andemic i s b ecoming a convenient excuse f or the world e lites to radically change the u sual life o f people, Russia h as only o ne w ay o ut - t o follow i ts o wn o riginal path, creatively a bsorbing a ll t he b est t hat has b een in our thousand-year history. And the book describes such a p ath. The authors, r eferring t o the past, look to the future a nd o ffer a n e ssentially n ew unique type of economy, w hich can b e called a " human e conomy". In this m odel, a p erson - h is l ife, well- being, happiness - c ome f irst. It was a s imilar e conomy t hat was already implemented i n o ur history i n t he p eriod 1929–1955, when people's i ncomes increased many t imes over, p rices fell, and citizens' savings grew. T he a uthors of t he book c ite the stunning results o f this p eriod: a n increase i n t he p opulation by 4 6 million p eople and a n increase i n average life e xpectancy by 2 6 years. A nd t his despite t he b loodiest and most destructive war i n w orld history, which c laimed 27 million lives! The book "Crystal of Growth" e mphasizes that t he result o f such successes is n ot only a u nique economic model, but, perhaps, first o f all, t he amazing cohesion of the majority of the country's citizens, developing new t erritories, building plants, f actories, cities, developing s cience, education, healthcare , w orking i n the sweat of t heir brow for the common and t heir own g ood - b uilding their country a nd b elieving in i t. And b y their f aith, they r eceived a p owerful, i nvincible power, t he economy of w hich, by t he mid-50s, occupies the 1st place in Europe a nd t he 2nd i n the world. This is exactly what we lack so much today, when i n our ship called "Russia" many feel like passengers. It i s i mportant for us to f eel, to realize ourselves a s a s ingle team, understanding where our s hip i s s ailing and d oing everything t o m ake it g o f aster. The book describes in d etail t he program of specific steps to build a m odern - efficient and h umane - t he Russian economy. I sincerely c ongratulate the authors on a v ery useful and n ecessary w ork, I r ecommend the book to everyone f or r eading, a nd I really h ope t hat Crystal o f Growth w ill become a c atalyst f or p ositive processes i n o ur society. Nikita S ergeevich M ikhalkov In t he book "Crystal of Growth" collected a h uge amount o f f actual material. At the heart o f the book is t he most important q uestion of e conomic development—the question of t he r eal causes o f productivity g rowth. A nd i t substantively e xplains t he k ey reasons a nd f actors behind t he record growth. domestic e conomy f rom 1 929 t o 1955. Indeed, i t seems t hat for a c ertain period o f t ime, t he p lanned economy was m ore effective t han t he market economy. And Schumpeter said s o. And G albraith said so. Schumpeter was g enerally sure that the planned the economy w ill e ventually w in over t he m arket e conomy, w rote a bout t his i n the late 1 940s. 2 0th century But n o o ne then b rought these ideas t o t he e nd. And today t here i s a feeling that China h as u nderstood for i tself everything that is w ritten i n the book "Crystal of G rowth", thanks to t his, h aving r isen to the next stage of development. And w e s ee China's results in t he past 40 y ears. W e see t hat t he market mechanisms w ork together with the plan for the benefit o f the entire Chinese people. Someone s ays: C hina is a c apitalist c ountry. Machine Translated by Google No. China i s certainly a s ocialist country that u ses market m echanisms t o b uild its Chinese socialism. So why don't we use this e xperience t oday? According t o Weber, there are two types o f r ationality - goal a nd value. The a uthors of t he book " Crystal o f G rowth" p roceed from v alue rationality. They t ry t o u nderstand and u nderstand what w as valuable in t he domestic economy 1929–1955 And t his u nderstanding is very i mportant in order to o vercome our h istorical trauma of t he collapse o f t he country. To get rid of the complex o f economic insolvency a nd s econdary n ature inspired by u s. This understanding a llows y ou to establish y ourself in your own ability to successfully develop and be a l eader. S o, t o open t o ourselves the historical p erspective of a f undamentally new development h orizon. Valery A leksandrovich F adeev, Advisor t o the President of t he Russian Federation, i n 1 998– 2017 e ditor-in-chief o f t he leading economic m agazine o f R ussia "Expert". A book "Growth crystal" f or t hose w ho a sk themselves h ow, from an economic point of view , our a tomic and space p rojects b ecame p ossible a fter two world w ars. A nd for those who are interested, why the t ime w hen prices w ere lowered ended. But the b ook i s o nly s uperficially about economics. I t is about f undamental i nnovative solutions i n p ublic administration with practically p roven effectiveness. The story o f our e conomic history begins in 1885 a nd m oves o n t o t he period 1 929-1955, when t he country a chieved phenomenal growth r ates. A ccording t o t he authors, the starting p oint f or development w as the big goals. It w as they who determined t he s cale of economic thinking and t he need f or skillful concentration o f r esources, effective s tate p lanning, and innovation in c reating key development factors. This domestic experience contains valuable i deas and e ffective m echanisms, which i n m any ways w ere ahead of t heir time and later found reflection in the recognized w orks of l eading foreign economists a nd b est practices o f p ublic administration in dynamically d eveloping countries. The book s hows the h istorical c ontinuity of t he e conomic model of 1 929-1955. the b est i deas of domestic and world e conomic t hought of t hat t ime. It i s i mportant t hat t hese s cientific w orks were deeply c omprehended and c reatively a pplied b y p ublic administration practitioners. in s pecific historical, e conomic and p olitical c onditions. In conditions in w hich n o o ther c ountry i n the world has e ver b een. From the p oint of v iew of g eopolitical c onditions for R ussia o f that e ra, o ne c an find a lot in common with t he p resent day. Now, positive economic d ynamics a re also urgently needed in spite of a ll sanctions and demographic growth, without w hich the l ong-term outstripping development o f t he economy l oses its meaning ( and i s h ardly possible) . It is the e conomic prospects a nd the size o f t he d omestic market t hat a re t he main factors in the i nvestment attractiveness of a ny country. It i s n o coincidence that t oday t he practical s tate activity is more a nd more c onsistently b uilt around t he m ajor d evelopment goals o f the c ountry, defined b y t he head o f s tate, i ncluding a chieving economic g rowth r ates above the world average and sustainable growth o f the Russian population. This a pproach is a lso t he best p ractice in t he w orld. S uccessful countries d o n ot c ycle along economic w aves, b ut constantly m anage their development a ccording to goals. This i s t he b ig Machine Translated by Google the d ifference between h ow they t hemselves apply economic k nowledge and what a nd how they p ropose to d o the rest. Today, much is s aid about the d evelopment of the economy in the context of import s ubstitution a nd export development. The book "Crystal o f G rowth" is a g ood step towards such i mport s ubstitution in economic t hought. After all, any a ction b egins with a wareness. I a m confident that this w ork w ill b ring p ositive r esults f or t he benefit of R ussia. Igor O legovich Shchegolev, Plenipotentiary Representative of the P resident of the Russian Federation in the Central Federal D istrict. The monograph CRYSTAL G ROWTH is a s erious scientific study of the economy our c ountry in t he period 1929-1955. Unexpected in the form o f presentation, historically reliable in its facts and u npredictable in its conclusions. The a uthors rely on available scientific research and introduce n ew archival d ocuments i nto s cientific c irculation, i ncluding documents on the g rowth rates of the U SSR economy. This, o f c ourse, is i ts value. But much m ore valuable i s t he fact t hat t his s tudy has a s ignificant applied value: the a uthors, being experienced public administrators, e xplore the past, w hich can b e useful in the future. I'll say m ore. Over t he past y ear alone, the authors of the book a t the site o f the Public C hamber, in dialogue with e xperts, public organizations, g overnment b odies and auditors of the Accounts C hamber, actually tested a nd tested t he main i deas o f the b ook t hrough the prism of analyzing the p ractical implementation of national p rojects. We d id this w ithin the framework o f the C oordinating Council f or N ational Projects a nd C onservation o f People, w hich is headed b y Alexander Galushka. Moreover, they d id n ot just t est a nd test t he m ain ideas of the book, but prepared a r eport for the H ead o f S tate w ith detailed p roposals f or adjusting a nd improving both system of national projects, and i ndividual projects i n p articular. The p ositive resolution of the President of our c ountry o n this report i s evidence of the q uality work done. I w ish t he big s hip a great v oyage and r ecommend r eading it t o everyone who l oves and s erves to t he F atherland the book “CRYSTAL O F GROWTH. T o t he Russian e conomic m iracle. Alexander Vladimirovich Zhuravsky, Deputy H ead of the Office of the President of the Russian Federation for P ublic P rojects. Growth C rystal i s a useful b ook. Useful f or everyone who l oves Russia, a ppreciates and understands the importance of a n adequate assessment o f one's — national — history f or b uilding a p rosperous future. And t he book is d oubly unique for statesmen o f all levels. Reading the t itle of t he b ook, y ou m ight t hink t hat it i s about t he h istory of e conomics. T his i s only p artly s o. The authors e xplore the m ost dynamic p eriod in t he h istory of t he d evelopment o f o ur country, looking t hrough it Machine Translated by Google lens to t he future. They g ive reasonable concepts o f a successful a nd p rosperous future. A nd t hey d o i t without utopian ideas. This i s a p ragmatic v iew of m odern experienced m anagers, cleansed of e motions. Yes, t oday we c annot do w ithout t he smart, o rganizing role of the state b oth in e nsuring the security o f the country a nd in i ts successful economic d evelopment. And the authors of the book show that this is i n line w ith the best f oreign p ractices. We need a c lear and precise system o f strategic state planning just as we n eeded i t almost 1 00 y ears a go. It s hould be n oted how clearly a nd harmoniously in t his difficult t ime - t he beginning of the 1930s - t he state a cted both t o ensure the s ecurity o f our M otherland and t o improve the quality of life o f people. Of course, money was n eeded to s olve t hese complex p roblems. T he G rowth Crystal d escribes a u nique two-loop model that can a nd s hould b e applied t oday. Y es, w ith adjustments to r eflect modern realities, b ut the authors of t he b ook write about t his a s w ell. Saturating t he c irculatory s ystem o f o ur e conomy with healthy - " inflation-free" - money is the m ost i mportant task o f m oving f orward. Today, our c ountry faces even m ore ambitious g oals: saving the p eople, d eveloping human potential, strengthening the sovereign statehood of R ussia, a nd creating conditions for t he s afe d evelopment of t he economy. For t heir i mplementation, it i s necessary t o skillfully use t he successful d omestic e xperience of the country's d evelopment. I sincerely c ongratulate the authors o n t heir success, a nd I recommend t he b ook t o e veryone for a d eep and t houghtful reading, especially f or everyone who l oves t heir Fatherland and h onestly serves i t. Sergei A lekseevich Vakhrukov, Deputy Secretary o f t he Security C ouncil o f t he Russian Federation. The monograph " Growth C rystal" is d evoted to the a nalysis of the factors that caused t he phenomenon Soviet "economic m iracle", manifested in the 3 0-40s and partly 50s. XX c entury., When the USSR d emonstrated unprecedented high r ates o f economic d evelopment. N ot e veryone likes t o remember t his period o f our recent h istory for m any reasons, including t he fact that stubborn facts, w ith an unbiased and deep c onsideration, c an destroy many stereotypes, to b reak established i deological constructions and e ven some economic theoretical c onstructions. I t c annot be said t hat the r easons for the rapid e conomic u psurge that e ngulfed o ur c ountry in t he p eriod under review, and t he s uccessful economic transformations, were at o ne time ignored in t he s pecial economic literature. However, in the new work, b ased on a t horough, d eep a nd c omprehensive a nalysis, the study of numerous sources, i ncluding p reviously unknown archival m aterials, t he team of authors managed to g ive a convincing, r easoned, c learly a nd c onsistently presented new interpretation o f the events of our not so d istant p ast. A cquaintance with the monograph c an help specialists and those who are i nterested in a n u nbiased a nalysis of our economic and political history to clarify, a nd possibly even r adically rethink m any ideas about what, how a nd w hy happened to us in the past a nd is h appening in the p resent. Readers of t his w onderful, beautifully published, written in a l ively, v ivid, figurative language o f the b ook will n ot o nly be a ble t o learn a l ot o f n ew and i nteresting things f or t hemselves, b ut w ill also h ave t he opportunity to e xperience a s ense of p ride i n o ur ancestors, w ho m anaged to f ind o riginal, a s t hey would say n ow, in very d ifficult conditions. breakthrough, innovative s olutions to n on-trivial e conomic a nd s ocial Machine Translated by Google political p roblems, t o create unique economic m echanisms t hat a llowed to o btain phenomenal results. It s eems t hat this w ork, w hich goes far beyond the s cope o f ordinary e conomic r esearch, can become a catalyst f or discussions n ot o nly about our past, but a lso a bout the p resent a nd f uture. And this is t he undoubted m erit of the authors of a d etailed scientific work, w ho decided to take a fresh l ook at the a ffairs of bygone d ays, “ to m ake s hine again” t he a ccomplishments, v ictories and breakthroughs made in t he p ast. Mikhail Y urievich A lekseev, Deputy Chairman o f the C entral Bank of the R ussian Federation, D octor of Economics, Dean o f the F aculty of International Economic Relations of the F inancial University under t he G overnment o f the R ussian F ederation. The b ook b y A. G alushka, A. N iyazmetov a nd M. O kulov i s an i nnovative, v ery a m onograph o n the h istory o f economic t hought a nd the management model of the Soviet U nion, which explains the phenomenon o f the “ Russian economic m iracle”, is o f high q uality in terms of the harmony o f presentation a nd the coverage o f sources. At the same time, i n m odern economic l iterature, this period o f history i s n ot s o much t abooed, it i s placed in the “gray zone”. The authors show that this i s n ot s o: the k ey elements of the “ bloody regime” m yth a re a deliberate l ie aimed a t b locking the s earch for r eal w ays o ut o f the h istorical impasse into which the d estroyers of the m ost e ffective model at t hat time d rove the c ountry. The a uthors d escribe i n detail t he " bearing structures" o f the a dvanced development m odel of 1 929–1955. The b ook could b ecome t he b est t extbook o n the e conomic h istory o f Russia in t he 2 0th c entury. Comprehending the h istorical experience of the r ise and f all of the a dvanced d evelopment m odel, the a uthors n ot only f ocus on important managerial characteristics, b ut a lso touch on t he s ocial and i deological foundations o f the new (essentially i mperial) world e conomic o rder. The r ole o f positive i deology is e xtremely i mportant, as well a s the destructive role o f t he a bsence o f i deology. The b ook s hows the r ole o f culture and e ducation, which, along with science, were t he same l eading sectors o f the new economy a s energy a nd i nfrastructure. The U SSR built a knowledge economy (to w hich the W est g rew only half a century later), and t herefore d efeated the u nited Europe (in the form o f the T hird R eich). The book "Crystal of G rowth" breaks through t he blockade t hat was c reated a round t he Stalin p eriod, it allows you to c orrectly r aise t he questions of our t ime, i t is o ptimistic a nd honest enough so that o n its basis i t i s possible to hold a b road d iscussion ( and n ot only in t he scientific, b ut also in t he management e nvironment) and d evelop solutions f or the formation o f a t ruly r elevant and vital model ( strategy) of advanced d evelopment, w ithout which R ussia i s d oomed t o be an object, b ut n ot a subject o f the e conomic h istory of the 21st century. Sergey Y urievich G lazyev, Minister f or I ntegration and M acroeconomics of the Eurasian E conomic Commission, Academician o f the Russian Academy of Sciences. Machine Translated by Google Before you i s a r eference book of the e conomic h istory o f R ussia in the 20th century. and t o t his d ay, d isturbing time o f c hange i n t he social o rder. This book is a n e conomic guide for the y ounger generation a nd a l ively d iscussion a mong politicians and e conomists. The book is a rare fusion o f rich historical t exture, a l iving word, i ndifference to the future Russia. The a uthors are n ot a fraid to pose t ranshistorical questions to t he reader, adding to t he economic and a w ide r ange o f related issues - f rom the leadership role of t he state t o c ultural i ssues. The work o f the authors touches o n many b orderline political a nd e conomic t opics that i n o ur time, n ot every p rofessional h as the courage to discuss. Therefore, t his book is n ot j ust a n e conomic s tudy, b ut a program for the m odern p olitician, containing specific p roposals for t he resuscitation o f the economy of o ur c ountry. The t ime h as come t o f irmly d eclare the need t o change t he economic paradigm, to launch the supply-side economy - t he authors talk about t his, h aving c ollected the richest e vidence base c onfirming t he need to go t hrough t his historical fork. Today, there are many s uch initiatives, i ncluding at the government l evel, but i t i s in the p resentation o f t he team of a uthors t hat we s ee a s ystematic approach, a w ell-developed c oncept of l inking the s upply-side economy w ith a n entrepreneurial initiative, a t echnological breakthrough. The m ost i mportant is the position of the a uthors about s tate planning a s a necessary i nstitution for building the well-being o f p eople and t he d evelopment of the country, and t his is not a bout formal g oal - setting using econometric modeling, but about a s cientifically based, thoughtful, targeted p olicy in the s tate structure. Before you i s w orthy work for studying a nd p utting i nto practice t he dream o f a p rosperous, strong a nd happy Russia! Dmitry A lexandrovich Z aitsev, auditor of t he Accounts Chamber o f the Russian F ederation. "Crystal of G rowth" is probably the only s olid fundamental work o n sources, causes and d eveloped p ractical solutions that e nsured unprecedented e conomic growth i n our c ountry in the period 1929–1955. The w ork clearly, p ractically, consistently a nd systematically u nfolds the p icture o f the h istorical creativity and innovation of s tatesmen of that t ime, w ho provided a mazing r esults in t he d evelopment of a ll spheres of life i n our c ountry a nd t he a chievement of international l eadership in t he m ost advanced and h igh-tech i ndustries. In parallel, with a ll t he persuasiveness, the most harmful unfounded m yths a re b eing debunked. and s tereotypes a bout t he economic m odel, sources and driving forces of t he d evelopment o f t hat period. It is g ratifying that the finds of that time, a ppreciated i n the w orld, p ractically used b y a number o f c ountries for t heir own breakthroughs and outstanding a chievements, have finally received a worthy description and assessment in t heir homeland. The most i mportant thing t hat t his f undamental work gives i s t he understanding t hat t here are all possibilities and p rerequisites for a f undamentally different - higher - dynamics o f d evelopment o f o ur c ountry.
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