Crossfire: An Argument Rhetoric and Reader

724 Pages·1997·211.037 MB·English

by  Gary Goshgarian, Kathleen Krueger

I
I

Crossfire
Digitized by the Internet Archive
2012
in
http://archive.org/details/crossfireargumenOOgary
rossfire
An
Argument
Rhetoric
Second
and Reader
Edition
Gary Goshgarian
Northeastern University
Kathleen Krueger
a
LONGMAN
An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
NewYork • Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park,California • Harlow, England
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
Crossfire: anargumen—trhetoricandreader/ [editedby] GaryGoshgarian,
Kathleen Krueger. 2nded.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
—
ISBN0-673-98006-5. ISBN 0-673-98007-3 (instructor's manual)
—
1. Englishlanguage Rhetoric. 2. Persuasion (Rhetoric)
3. Collegereaders. I. Goshgarian,Gary. II. Krueger, Kathleen.
PE1431.C76 1996
808' .0427—dc20 96-1365
CIP
Copyright© 1997byGaryGoshgarianandKathleen Kruegei
All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrievel system, ortransmit-
ted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,orotherwise,withoutthe
priorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Printed in theUnitedStates.
3456789 0—DOC—999897
1
Contents
Brief
Detailed Contents vn
Preface xxi
PART ONE STRATEGIES FOR WRITINGARGUMENTS
I
Chapter UnderstandingPersuasion: ThinkingLike a Critic 3
1
Chapter 2 FindingArguments: ThinkingLike aWriter 21
ipter 3 ShapingArguments: ThinkingLike anArchitect 34
Chapter 4 AddressingAudiences: ThinkingLike a Reader 59
Chapter 5 UsingEvidence: ThinkingLike anAdvocate 84
Chapter 6 Establishing Claims: ThinkingLike aSkeptic 103
Chapter 7 TestingArguments: ThinkingLike a Cross-Examiner 123
Chapter 8 DocumentingArguments: ThinkingLike a Researcher 136
TWO
PART CURRENT DEBATES
181
Chapter 9 Gender Identity 183
BeingMale 184
BeingFemale 198
Oppositions:Feminism 220
Chapter Race and Ethnicity 228
i
IdentityandStereotypes 230
AffirmativeAction 254
Oppositions:ImmigrationPolicy 268
Chapter I I Social Issues 280
Gun Control 282
PovertyandHomelessness 297
vi Brief Contents
TeenagePregnancy 321
Oppositions: CapitalPunishment 338
Chapter 2 Ethical and Moral Issues 350
I
Euthanasia 351
Abortion 366
Animals in Research 382
Oppositions:Legalization ofDrugs 408
Chapter 13 Freedom ofExpression 421
Movieand Television Violence All
RacialSlurs AA5
Oppositions:Pornography A6A
Chapter 14 Education 473
The ClassroomExperience 474
Multiculturalism 495
Oppositions: Curriculum Wars 506
Chapter 15 Advertising 522
Consumerism 523
Language ofAdvertising 5A7
Oppositions: SexinAdvertising 588
Chapter 6 Arguments That Shaped History 599
1
GlossaryofRhetorical Terms 679
Credits 682
Index ofAuthors andTitles 687
8 8 2 15 8
Contents
Strategies forWritingArguments
I
Chapter Understanding Persuasion: Thinking Like a Critic
1
Argument 3
WhatMakesanArgument? 5
FactsAre NotArguable 5
Opinions Based on Personal Taste or
PreferenceAre NotArguable 6
Opinions Based onJudgmentsAreArguable
CriticalReading 7
WhyReadCritically? 8
SAMPLEARGUMENTFORANALYSIS:
ElizabethM. Whelan, "Perils ofProhibition" 9
SummarizeWhatYou Read 1
OudineWhatYou Read 1
AnalyzeWhatYou Read 13
ArgueWithWhatYou Read 1
AnnotateWhatYou Read 16
The Slants ofArgument 1
Exercises 1
SAMPLEARGUMENTFORANALYSIS:
JeffJacobyy "Why SoMuchAidforAIDS?" 1
Chapter 2 FindingArguments: Thinking Like aWriter 21
The WritingProcess 22
Incubating 22
Framing 22
Reshaping 22
Polishing 23
VII
1 1
viii Contents
Finding Topics toArgue 23
InYour ImmediateVicinity 23
InYour LargerWorlds 24
DevelopingArgumentative Topics 24
BrainstormingTopics 24
Issues ThatMake MeAngry 25
Reading 25
Discussion 26
KeepingaNotebook 26
Refining Topics 27
ReducingYour Options 27
AvoidingOverspecializedTopics 28
Formulating Claims 28
Anticipating Opposition 29
"Yes, but " Dialogues 30
. . .
Pro/Con Checklists 31
Exercises 33
Chapter 3 ShapingArguments: Thinking Like an Architect 34
Components ofanArgument 34
The Beginning 35
The Middle 35
The End 37
SAMPLEARGUMENTFORANALYSIS:
Clara SpottedElk "Indian Bones" 38
Analyzingthe Structure 39
The Beginning 39
The Middle 39
The End 40
BlueprintsforArguments 4
The Formal Outline 42
Two BasicShapesforArguments 44
PositionArguments 45
What to LookForin PositionArguments 45
SAMPLEARGUMENTFORANALYSIS:
MicheleFields (student) "A Cup ofConscience" 49
y
Analysis ofaPositionArgument 50
ProposalArguments 5
Whatto LookFor in ProposalArguments 52