Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within PDF
Preview Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within
Crossed Swords Also by the author: Journeys (1998) NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE* Crossed Swords Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within S h u ja N a w a z OXFORD U N IV E R S IT Y PRESS OXFORD U N IV ERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6 d p Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto with offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2008 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to Oxford University Press at the address below. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. ISBN 978-0-19-547697-2 This edition in Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks 2008 Typeset in Minion Pro Printed in Pakistan by Kagzi Printers, Karachi. Published by Ameena Saiyid, Oxford University Press No. 38, Sector 15, Korangi Industrial Area, PO Box 8214 Karachi-74900, Pakistan. Dedication This book is dedicated to the memory of a very special group of persons who did not live long enough to read it: my father, Raja Abdul Ghafoor Khan and my mother, Khawar; my uncle, Brigadier Mohammad Zaman Khan, and his wife, Surraiya (nee Sarwar)—my surrogate parents, with whom I spent my early life; my father-in-law, Lt. Col. J.D. Malik; and my brother, General Asif Nawaz, Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan, 1991-3, a Soldiers’ Soldier. It is offered with love and thanks to my constant sources of inspiration and joy my wife SEEMA and our daughters ZAYNAB, AMNA, and ZAHRA C o n ten ts List of Photographs ix List of Acronyms X Preface and Acknowledgements XV Dramatis Personae xxi Introduction: From 786 to the Age of Terror xxvii 1. In History Bound 1 2. A Difficult Birth 27 3. The First Kashmir War 42 4. The Legacy of Conflict: Chaos and Ambitions 76 5. Courting Uncle Sam 92 6. Things Fall Apart 122 7. The First Coup 139 8. Martial Law and the Search for Legitimacy 170 9. Wars and Consequences 192 10. September 1965 and Ayub’s Fall 219 11. Untied Pakistan: How to Break Up a Country 249 12. Wars and Consequences Redux 282 13. Bhutto Rules 320 14. Guardians of the Faith 359 15. The Troika’s Musical Chairs 411 16. Systemic Failures: The Wars Within 465 17. The Liberal Autocrat 506 18. Today and Tomorrow 567 Appendices: 1. Timeline: Key Events—Pakistan and Its Army 587 2. Primary Sources 595 3. Investigation into the Death of General Asif Nawaz 599 Select Bibliography Index 608 620 L i s t o f P h o t o g r a p h s Army Chiefs of Pakistan 1. General Sir Frank Messervy 2. General Sir Douglas Gracey 3. Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan 4. General Mohammad Musa 5. General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan 6. Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan 7. General Tikka Khan 8. General Mohammad Ziaul Haq 9. General Mirza Aslam Beg 10. General Asif Nawaz 11. General Abdul Waheed 12. General Jehangir Karamat 13. General Pervez Musharraf 14. General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani L i s t o f A c r o n y m s ACR ADB ADC AFRC AIG ASF AZO BCCI BD BJP BNR&R BSF Centcom CEO CGS CIA CID C-in-C CJCS CMLA CTBT CTBTO CO COAS COS CPC CRO CRS CSP CSS DCC DCM DGISI DG ISPR Annual Confidential Report Asian Development Bank Aide-de-Camp Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee Afghan Interim Government Airport Security Force A1 Zulfikar Organization Bank for Commerce and Credit International Basic Democrats Bharatiya Janata Party Bureau of National Research and Reconstruction Border Security Officer Central Command Chief Executive Officer Chief of General Staff Central Intelligence Agency Criminal Investigation Department Commander-in-Chief Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Chief Martial Law Administrator Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization Commanding Officer Chief of Army Staff Chief of Staff Chemical Plant Complex Commonwealth Relations Office Congressional Research Service Civil Service of Pakistan Central Superior Services Defence Committee of the Cabinet Deputy Chief of Mission Director General Inter Services Intelligence Directorate Director General Inter Services Public Relations LIST OF ACRONYMS XI DGMO Director General Military Operations DHA Defence Housing Authority DIB Director Intelligence Bureau DMO Director Military Operations DPD Defence Production Division EBDO Elective Bodies Disqualification Ordinance FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FC Frontier Corps FCNA Force Commander Northern Areas FCR Frontier Crime Regulation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FDO Fysscish Dynamisch Onderzoek FIA Federal Investigating Agency FSF Federal Security Force GDP Gross Domestic Product GHQ General Headquarters GOC General Officer Commanding GSO General Staff Officer IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAF Indian Air Force IB Intelligence Bureau ICS Indian Civil Service IG Inspector General IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies IJI/IDA Islami Jamhoori Ittehad/Islamic Democratic Alliance IJT Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba IMA Indian Military Academy IMF International Monetary Fund INA Indian National Army ISI Inter Services Intelligence Directorate ISPR Inter Services Public Relations JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff JCO Junior Commissioned Officer JCSC Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee xii LIST OF ACRONYMS JUI JUP KANUPP KC KCO KESC KRL LFO LOC MAAG MGO MI MLA MMA/UAF MO MQM/RFG Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan Karachi Nuclear Power Plant King’s Commission King’s Commission Officer Karachi Electric Supply Corporation Khan Research Laboratories Legal Framework Order Line of Control Military Assistance Advisory Group Master General Ordnance Military Intelligence Martial Law Administrator Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal /United Action Front Military Operations Directorate Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz; Muttahida Qaumi Movement/ Refugee National Front MRD NAB NAP NCO NDC NEFA NLC NLI NPT NSC NWFP OIC OSS PAEC PAF PCO PDA Movement for the Restoration of Democracy National Accountability Bureau National Awami Party Non-Commissioned Officer National Defence College North East Frontier Agency National Logistics Cell Northern Light Infantry Nuclear Proliferation Treaty National Security Council North West Frontier Province Organization of the Islamic Conference Office of Strategic Services Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Pakistan Air Force Provisional Constitution Order Pakistan Democratic Alliance LIST OF ACRONYMS xiii PDP PEMRA PI A PINSTECH PM PMA PML PNA PNE PNG POW PPP PRODA PTV QMG RAW RPAF RSS SAC SEATO SSG UAE UNCIP US MAAG USUN VCGS VCO VCOAS WAPDA WASAG Pakistan Democratic Party Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority Pakistan International Airlines Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology Prime Minister Pakistan Military Academy Pakistan Muslim League Pakistan National Alliance Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Pakistan National Guard Prisoner of War Pakistan Peoples’ Party Public and Representative Offices (Disqualification) Act Pakistan Television Quartermaster General Research and Analysis Wing Royal Pakistan Air Force Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Strategic Air Command The South-East Asia Treaty Organization Special Services Group United Arab Emirates United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan United States Military Assistance Advisory Group US Mission to the UN Vice Chief of General Staff Viceroys Commissioned Officer Vice Chief of Army Staff Water and Power Development Authority Washington Special Actions Group
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