Critical Thinking - The Art of Argument PDF
Preview Critical Thinking - The Art of Argument
Critical Thinking CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd ii 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Critical Thinking The Art of Argument George W. Rainbolt Georgia State University Sandra L. Dwyer Georgia State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially a ffect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit w ww.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. 5522660099__0000__ffmm__ppii--ppxxxxvvii..iinndddd iiii 22//11//1100 1111::3377::4433 PPMM Critical Thinking: The Art of © 2012 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Argument George W. Rainbolt ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Sandra L. 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Senior Rights Acquisition Specialist, Text: Katie Huha Production Service: Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932169 Cadmus Communications ISBN-13: 978-0-495-50157-2 Text Designer: Roy Neuhaus Design ISBN-10: 0-495-50157-3 Rights Acquisition Specialist, Image: Amanda Groszko Wadsworth Cover Designer: Jeff Bane, CMB Design 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 Cover Image: Getty Images USA Compositor: KnowledgeWorks Global Limited Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/ region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd iivv 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM 3 Brief Contents Preface xvii Introduction How to Use This Book 1 Chapter 1 Critical Thinking and Arguments 4 Chapter 2 What Makes a Good Argument? 42 Chapter 3 Premises and Conclusions 86 Chapter 4 Language 116 Chapter 5 Propositional Arguments 146 Chapter 6 Categorical Arguments 174 Chapter 7 Analogical Arguments 228 Chapter 8 Statistical Arguments 258 Chapter 9 Causal Arguments 294 Chapter 10 Moral Arguments 342 v CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd vv 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM vvii CBorineft eCnotnstents Answers to Selected Exercises 374 Reference Guide 410 Fallacies 410 Guides 411 Habits of Critical Thinkers 411 Index (Including Key Concepts and Technical Terms) 412 Summary Guide for Finding, Standardizing, and Evaluating Arguments 415 List of Citations 424 vi CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd vvii 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM Contents PREFACE xvii How to Use This Book 1 INTRODUC TION 1 Critical Thinking and Arguments 4 C H A P T E R What Is Critical Thinking? 5 What Is an Argument? 7 Statements 7 Statements and Sentences 8 Why Think Critically? 13 Finding Arguments 13 The First Three Steps 13 Look for an Attempt to Convince 13 Find the Conclusion 13 Find the Premises 14 Complicating Factors 16 Indicator Words Are Imperfect Guides 16 Sentence Order 16 Conclusions and Premises Not in Declarative Form 16 Unstated Premises and Unstated Conclusions 19 vii CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM viii Contents Things That Are Not Arguments 23 Assertions 23 Descriptions 23 Questions and Instructions 24 Explanations 24 Putting Arguments into Standard Form 31 Diagramming Arguments 39 Chapter Summary 40 Guide: Finding and Standardizing Arguments 41 2 What Makes a Good Argument? 42 C H A P T E R The Two Characteristics of a Good Argument 43 True Premises 47 Audience 47 The Problem of Ignorance 49 Proper Form 51 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 55 Guide: Terms Used in Logic, Philosophy, and Math to Refer to Good and Bad Arguments 59 Relevance 63 Dependent and Independent Premises 65 Arguing about Arguments 69 Fallacies and Relevance 70 Fallacy: Easy Target 71 Fallacy: Appeal to Popularity 72 Fallacy: Appeal to Novelty or Tradition 73 CCHHEE--RRAAIINNBBOOLLTT--1100--00330055--00FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 1100//0099//1100 88::5533 PPMM
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