Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure: Agent-based Modelling of the Dynamics in Nanjing PDF
Preview Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure: Agent-based Modelling of the Dynamics in Nanjing
Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research Helin Liu Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure Agent-based Modelling of the Dynamics in Nanjing Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research Series editor Prof. Marcus Nu¨sser, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany Editorial Board Prof. Eckart Ehlers, University of Bonn, Germany Prof. Harjit Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Prof. Hermann Kreutzmann, Freie Universita¨t Berlin, Germany Prof. Ken Hewitt, Waterloo University, Canada Prof. Urs Wiesmann, University of Bern, Switzerland Prof. Sarah J. Halvorson, University of Montana, USA Dr. Daanish Mustafa, King’s College London, UK AimsandScope The series aims at fostering the discussion on the complex relationships between physicallandscapes,naturalresources,andtheirmodificationbyhumanlandusein various environments of Asia. It is widely acknowledged that human-environment interactionsbecomeincreasinglyimportantinareastudiesanddevelopmentresearch, takingintoaccountregionaldifferencesaswellasbio-physical,socio-economicand culturalparticularities. Thebookseriesseekstoexploretheoreticandconceptualreflectionondynamic human-environment systems applying advanced methodology and innovative researchperspectives.Themainthemesoftheseriescoverurbanandrurallandscapes inAsia.Examplesincludetopicssuchaslandandforestdegradation,glaciersinAsia, mountainenvironments,damsinAsia,medicalgeography,vulnerabilityandmitiga- tionstrategies,naturalhazardsandriskmanagementconcepts,environmentalchange, impactsstudiesandconsequencesforlocalcommunities.Therelevantthemesofthe series are mainly focused on geographical research perspectives of area studies, howeverthereisscopeforinterdisciplinarycontributions. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8560 Helin Liu Creative Industries and Urban Spatial Structure Agent-based Modelling of the Dynamics in Nanjing HelinLiu SchoolofArchitectureandUrbanPlanning HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology Wuhan,Hubei China ISSN1879-7180 ISSN1879-7199 (electronic) AdvancesinAsianHuman-EnvironmentalResearch ISBN978-3-319-16609-4 ISBN978-3-319-16610-0 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-16610-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015940406 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Coverimage:NomadsnearNangaParbat,1995.Copyright©MarcusNu¨sser(usedwithpermission) Printedonacid-freepaper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Creative industries, a collection of booming industries with creativity as the core, set off for its worldwide spreading in the 1990s. Generally, the discussion of creative industries originated from discussions on culture’s role in industrial pro- ductioninthe1940sandlaterinculturalpolicyrealm.Creativeindustries’cultural origin, together with their close ties with the new media, shapes their multi- attributednature.Thisgrantscreativeindustriesthepotentialtostandoutinaseries ofaspectssuchaspromotingeconomicgrowth,increasingemploymentopportuni- ties and facilitating urban regeneration and sustainable urban development. As a result,citiesandregionsaroundtheworldtendtofollowthestrategyofcultivating creativeindustrieswiththeexpectationofpromotingeconomicgrowthandenhanc- ingurban/regioncompetitiveness.Thispracticetrendisfurtherpushedforwardsby the theory of “creative city” and “creative class”, and today it is still in the ascendant. Fora certain city,the large-scale development of creative industries inevitably incurs the rising demand for land resources, which is a pressing challenge in the contextthatlandresourcesarecomparativelylimited.So,thequestionsofhowthe developmentofcreative industrieswillshape theurbanspatialstructureandwhat policiescanbeappliedtotacklethischallengebringresearchers,plannersaswellas urban policy makers to the discussion table. It is argued in this book that these questionsneedtobeexaminedfromtheperspectiveofcomplexity.Followingthis, the book presents how an agent-based model is constructed to generate deeper insightsintotheaboveissuecentrallyconcernedinthecityrealm. With this aim, eight chapters are arranged for this book to explain. The first chapter, as always, is an introduction to the backdrop and significance of this research. To get the readers ready for understanding the rest of the book, this chapter also spares one section for the explanation of two centrally concerned concepts in this research, creative industries and creative workers, and another sectiononabriefintroductionofthecaseofNanjing. In Chap. 2, the focus is on the theoretical survey of the existent studies on the locational behaviours of the creative firms and the creative workers and the v vi Preface interactions among themselves and the other two interest groups: the individual citizens and the urban government. It concludes that the interactions need to be understoodina“socialnetwork”modeandexaminedinacomplexityperspective. Bearing this argument, Chap. 3 continues with a brief description of agent-based modelling, a common approach to complexity. Then it proceeds to introduce the modeldevelopmentplatformNetLogoandthelocationalutilityfunctionappliedin themodeltodescribethecreativefirms’andthecreativeworkers’locationalbehav- iours.Thefinalsectiongoesontoexplaintherequisitedataformodeldevelopment. Taking Nanjing as the case, Chap. 4 aims to lay the foundations for parameterising the complex interactions. First, it goes through the development historyofNanjinginacultureperspective,aimingtopresentthereadersthelocal context in which creative industries’ development strategy was advocated. Then two sections are organised to discuss the factors that define the locational prefer- ence of the creative firms and the creative workers, respectively. Continuing with this,thechapterproceedstothequestionofhowthesetwogroupsinteractwitheach otherandwiththeindividualcitizensandtheurbangovernmentintermsofurban landuse.Thiseffortturnsouttobeaconceptualiseddynamicsframeworkwhichis thereferenceforthemodeldesignpresentedinthesecondsectionofChap.5.Inthe first section of Chap. 5, it gives a brief introduction to the agent-based modelling approach and the modelling platform NetLogo. Generally, when the research questionisidentified,ittakesthreestepstodevelopanagent-basedmodel:model design,modelimplementationandmodelvalidation.Followingthisguidance, the second section is dedicated to model design, and the third section focuses on explaining how the model can be implemented by referring to the model design. Specifically,itsplitsthequestionintothreepartstodelineate:thesetupprocedure, thedynamicsprocedureandtheoutput-displayprocedure. Chapter6continueswithtacklingtheissueofmodelvalidation,thethirdstepof agent-based modelling. As the understanding of model validation varies across scholars, this chapter clarifies it at the beginning by stating that the concept of model validation in this book refers to two parts: internal validation and external validation. Taking this interpretation framework, the validity of the agent-based modelintroducedinthelastchapteristhenexamined.Itconcludesthatthemodel design has been correctly translated into the agent-based computer model and its validity is confirmed at an acceptable significance level. After the model’s credi- bility is confirmed, this chapter then goes on to scenario. It treats four aspects in terms of the temporal-spatial features of the interactions. They are (1) the growth pattern of the firms and the workers, (2) the dynamics of the spatial distribution patterns of the firms and the workers, (3) the dynamics of the spatial clustering patternofthefirmsandtheworkersand(4)thedynamicsoftheofficerentandthe housingrent. TheurbanenvironmentinthemodelintroducedinChaps.5and6,however,is an abstract space characterised by one centre and a concentric structure. This assumption brings the model itself the drawback against its practical application as urban planning support system. For instance, the model can only give general policymakingcluesbutcannothelpidentifypotentialhotspotsorproblematicsites Preface vii inarealcitycase.Thus,Chap.7goesfurtherbypresentingtheframeworkandthe algorithm to incorporate GIS data into the agent-based model explained in the aforementionedchaptersofthebook.TakingagainNanjingasthecase,thischapter thendemonstrateshowthisupdatedmodelcanbeutilisedtosupportpolicymaking intermsofurbanland-usearrangementforthedevelopmentofcreativeindustries. Thebookendswith“ConclusionsandFurtherDevelopment”asChap.8.Itgives abriefoverviewofthewholeresearchatthebeginning.Thenitpresentsthereader thepolicyimplicationsgeneratedfromthisbookandtheirgeneralisability.Finally, by reviewing the research framework and the methodology in a critical way, the book specifies the research limitations and points out the research directions for furtherdevelopment. By reading this book, the reader can get further understanding of the cities in transitioninthesecondtierinChinaurbansystem.Inaddition,thereadercanlearn how the complex interactions among the creative firms, the creative workers, the urban government and the individual citizens in terms of urban land use can be broughttogetherunderoneresearchframeworkinatemporal-spatialperspective.It is also expected that this book can help the reader to command the techniques of howtobuildaspatiallyexplicitagent-basedmodel(ABM)integratedwithGISdata and exploit it to formulate urban land-use arrangement for the development of creative industries. So, for people engaged in urban studies and urban planning practice, especially those with high interest in the integration of geographical information system and agent-based modelling, this book can surely serve your appetite. ThisbookderivesfrommyresearchintheUniversityofCambridgepursuingmy Ph.D.degree.Itisalwaysatime-consumingprojecttowriteabookwithinashort time,especiallyforanewresearchersteppingintotheacademia.Sosomemistakes orerrorsunexpectedlybutobstinatelymaystillremaininthisbookbecauseofthe author’scomparativehumbleknowledgeorcarelessness.Thosepotentialacademic mistakes, as always, shall be attributed to the author’s responsibility. If there are some,commentsandsuggestionsfromreadersofthisbookarehighlyappreciated. HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology HelinLiu Wuhan,China Jun2015 Acknowledgements This book is a further development of my research for a Ph.D. degree in the University of Cambridge. It would be impossible for me to complete this study without the continual guiding support from my supervisor Dr. Elisabete A. Silva. During this study, Professor Douglas Crawford-Brown and Dr. Scott Orford have offered constructive comments which contributed to the improvement of the research.Iwouldliketothankmycolleaguesfortheirhelpinmystudyandoverall life in Cambridge as well. They are Sabrina Daud, Mandy Lau, Qian Wang, Jose PedroReis,RansfordA.AcheampongandChaoweiXiao. My special thanks go to those who have helped me in the data collection in Nanjing. I must thank Shu Chen, Zhixin Jiang and Dekui Lu¨, who provided information and support in identifying the potential cases of the creative workers andthecreativefirms.ThanksgoalsotoXiaoyingZhangandYujiZhoufortheir effort to find accommodation for me and generosity in providing delicious feast treats during my stay in Nanjing. I also owe my debt to some other officials, developers, teachers, classmates and professionals, whose names can form a list toolongtobepresentedhere. I am grateful for the financial support from Cambridge Overseas Trust and Cambridge Political Economy Society Trust. With their help, I can devote my time and energy to my research in Cambridge, without worrying about food and accommodation.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmyappreciationofthefundingfrom mycollege,Queens’College,tosupportmytriptofieldworkandmyattendanceto internationalconferences. My deepest thanks as always go to my family, especially to my wife Bailu Li, who has been fully supporting my indulgence in research. She also spent three monthstogetherwithmeinNanjingtohelptocollectdata.Ifeeldeeplyindebtedto mymother,whonevercomplainsabouttheabsenceofmycare,andmymother-in- law, who has devoted her full energy to support. Finally, I thank my little baby daughter,whosesweetsmile,tome,isalwaysaninspiringencouragement. ix
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