CRC Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Volume III: Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Applications, Volume III

586 Pages·1993·56.83 MB·English

by  E. Richard

Sponsored by the
Society of Tribologists and Lubrication
Engineers
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
CRC Handbook
of
Lubrication and
Tribology
Volume III Monitoring,
Materials, Synthetic Lubricants,
and
Applications
Editor
E. Richard Booser, Ph.D.
ConsultingEngineer
Scotia,NewYork
CRCPress,Inc.
BocaRatonAnnArborLondonTokyo
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
PREFACE—VOLUMEIII
Volume III extends this Handbook series to cover new developments and topics in
tribologyduringthepastdecade.Togetherwiththepracticalapplicationpracticescoveredin
VolumeI,in1983,andtheoryanddesigninVolumeII,in1984,thethreevolumesprovidea
comprehensivereferencetoolforthoseinvolvedwithlubrication,friction,andwear.
Among the diverse new developments included in Volume III are the revolutionary
magneticbearingsfindinguseindemandingapplicationsincompressors,highspeedspindles,
and aerospace equipment. Extensive coverage is given to tribology developments in office
machinesandinmagneticstoragesystemsforcomputers.Authorshavealsodevelopednew
unifiedcoverageforfatiguelifeofballandrollerbearings,fordesignandapplicationpractices
withporousmetalbearings,forself-containedlubricationinvolvingwicksandoilrings,and
for plastic bearings. Each of these classes of bearings is used by millions daily throughout
industry.
Syntheticlubricantsarecoveredinasectionofninechaptersbyoutstandingspecialists
inthisrapidlydevelopingfield.Syntheticsarecomingtotheforefrontinsuchwidelydiverse
areasasautomobiles,aerospace,compressorsusingthenewozone-layer-friendlyrefrigerants,
andavarietyofextreme-temperatureandenvironmentallysensitiveapplications.Water-and
gas-lubricatedbearingsaregivensimilarcoverage.
PreventivemaintenanceandmonitoringwereemphasizedbytheHandbookCommittee
foravarietyoftribologyelements:fromideasonmonitoringsensorsintheopeningchapter;
to specific monitoring techniques for automobiles, diesels, and rotating machines; and to
proceduresfortrackingtheremaininglifeoflubricants.
These three volumes reflect the efforts of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication
Engineersplushundredsofauthors,reviewers,andassociateeditors.Wetrustthatourseries
willcontinuetoserveasatoolinachievingsuccessforthoseinvolvedintribology.Thisshould
be reflected by improved performance of materials and lubricants in a broadening range of
applications,alongwithtribologicalinnovations,aswesearchfornewpathsinourfuture.
E.R.BOOSER
EDITOR
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
THEEDITOR
Dr.E.RichardBooser hasbeenactiveintribologyandlubricationforover40years.In
academic training at The Pennsylvania State University, his research studies focused on
refiningproceduresandperformancetestingforpetroleumlubricants.Hewasthenemployed
bytheGeneralElectricCo.for39yearsindevelopmentworkonbearingsandlubricantsfor
steam and gas turbines, motors, generators, aerospace and nuclear plant equipment, and a
varietyofrelatedelectricalproducts.
He currently works as a consulting engineer on bearings and lubrication.Assignments
havecoveredlubricationofnuclearpowerplantequipment;bearingperformanceandproblem
analysesforsteamturbines,gasturbines,generators,andaccessorypowerplantequipment;
frictionandweartesting;locomotive,aerospace,andappliancebearings;electricmotors;and
failureanalysesofballandrollerbearings.
His 80 publications cover turbulence and parasitic power loss in high-speed oil-film
bearings, fire-resistant lubricants, oil oxidation, grease life in ball bearings, design of
circulatingoilsystems,lubricationofelectricmotors,andselectionofbearingmaterials.He
alsoco-authoredtheMcGraw-HillbookBearingDesignandApplication.
WhilePresidentoftheSocietyofTribologistsandLubricationEngineers(STLE)in1956,
heparticipatedininitiatingtheannualjointTribologyConferenceswithASME.Hehasserved
as chairmanof the STLE LubricationFundamentalsCommittee,and, in 1992, receivedthe
STLENationalAward.Hehasalsoorganizedandtaughtbearingandlubricationcoursesfor
over750designersandengineers.
Dr. Booser and the Handbook Committee have drawn on their broad associations and,
especially,ontheresourcesofSTLEtoorganizethisbook.TogetherwiththeearlierVolumes
I and II, this Handbook series represents a compilation by 120 authors of practices and
developments in the still emerging field of tribology: the science of friction, wear, and
lubrication.
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
ADVISORYBOARD
DonaldG.Flom,Ph.D. RobertM.Gresham,Ph.D.
Chairman VicePresident-Technology
FlomConsulting E/MCorporation
Scotia,NewYork WestLafayette,Indiana
NormanS.Eiss,Jr.,Ph.D. MichaelKhonsari,Ph.D.
Professor Professor
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState UniversityofPittsburgh
University Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
Blacksburg,Virginia
GeorgeH.Kitchen
TraugottE.Fischer,Ph.D. President
Professor InternationalLubricationandFuel
DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand Consultants
Engineering RioRancho,NewMexico
StevensInstituteofTechnology
Hoboken,NewJersey
CharlesA..Moyer(Retired)
TheTimkenCompany
Canton,Ohio
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
EDITORIALREVIEWBOARD
K.Bajaj A.Jackson
StewartWarnerCorporationofCanada, MobilResearchandDevelopment
Ltd. Corporation
Belleville,Ontario,Canada PaulsboroNewJersey
G.C.Barber K.R.Januszkiewicz
DetroitDieselCorporation AlcanInternationalLtd.
Detroit,Michigan Kingston,Ontario,Canada
F.J.Blatz WilliamD.Marscher
AutoResearchLaboratories,Inc. ConceptsETI
Chicago,Illinois Parsippany,NewJersey
K.J.Brown S.H.Roby
OntarioHydro LubrizolCorporation
Toronto,Ontario,Canada Wickcliffe,Ohio
P.W.Centers F.Sadeghi
U.S.AirForce PerdueUniversity
Wright-PattersonAFB,Ohio WestLafayetteIndiana
W.J.Crecelius H.J.Sneck
GEAircraftEngines RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute
Cincinnati,Ohio Troy,NewYork
C.M.Ettles R.Timsit
RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute AlcanInternational,Ltd.
Troy,NewYork Kingston,Ontario,Canada
LoisGschwender C.S.Yust
U.S.AirForce OakRidgeNationalLaboratory
Wright-PattersonAFB,Ohio OakRidgeTennessee
SeldaGunsel
Pennzoil
Dormagen,Germany
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
CONTRIBUTORS
PaulAllaire,Ph.D. TrangottE.Fischer,Ph.D
SchoolofEngineeringandApplied DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand
UniversityofVirginia Engineering
Charlottesville,Virginia StevensInstituteofTechnology
Hoboken,NewJersey
BharatBhushan,Ph.D.
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DonaldG.Flom,Ph.D
OhioStateUniversity Flom,consulting
Columbus,Ohio Scotia,NewYork
DonaldM.Bornarth RobertM.Gresham,Ph.D.
Evanston,Illinois E/Mcorporation
WestLafayette,Indiana
RaymondG.Bayer
Consultant LoisJ.Gschwender
Vestal,NewYork U.S.AirForce
WL/MLBT
E.D.Brown Wright-PattersonAirForceBase,Ohio
Schenectady,NewYork
RobertR.Humphris,D.Sc.
WilliamL.Brown DepartmentofMechanical,Aerospace,
UnionCarbideCorporation andNuclearEngineering
Tarrytown,NewYork UniversityofVirginia
Charlottesville,Virginia
CrisCusano,Ph.D.
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering SaidJahanmir,Ph.D.
UniversityofIllinois NationalInstituteofStandardsand
Urbana,Illinois Technology
Gaithersburg,Maryland
ThomasW.DelPesco,Ph.D.
SpecialtyChemicals WarrenE.Jamison,Ph.D.
E.I.DuPontdeNemours&Co.,Inc. E/MCorporation
Deepwater,NewJersey Everett,Washington
WilliamJ.Derner RobertE.Kauffman
Indianapolis,Indiana UniversityofDaytonResearchInstitute
Dayton,Ohio
RichardC.Elwell
Schenectady,NewYork MichaelKhonsari,Ph.D.
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
BruceJ.Beimesch TheUniversityofPittsburgh
HenkelCorporation-Emery Group Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
Cincinnati,Ohio
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
ElmerE.Klaus,Ph.D. WilliamD.Marscher
ProfessorEmeritus ConceptsETC
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering Parsippany,NewJersey
PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
UniversityPark,Pennsylvania CharlesA.Moyer
NorthCanton,Ohio
CarlR.Knospe,Ph.D.
DepartmentofMechanical,Aerospace, WilliamN.Needelman
andNuclearEngineering PallCorporation
UniversityofVirginia GlenCove,NewYork
Charlottesville,Virginia
R.L.Orndorff,Jr.
RangaKomanduri,Ph.D. BFGoodrichEngineeredPolymer
MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering Products
OklahomaStateUniversity Wilmington,NorthCarolina
Stillwater,Oklahoma
JosephM.Perez,Ph.D.
DennisA.Lauer,P.E. OfficeofTransportationMaterials
KluberLubricationNorthAmerica U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
Londonderry,NewHampshire Washington,D.C.
DavidW.Lewis,Ph.D. DouglasG.Placek
DepartmentofMechanical,Aerospace, FMCCorporation
andNuclearEngineering Princeton,NewJersey
UniversityofVirginia
Charlottesville,Virginia
JackPoley
Lubricon
YongbingLiu BeechGroveIndiana
MechanicalandProductionEngineering
DepartmentNationalUniversityofSingapore
SubratRay
Singapore
DepartmentofMetallurgicalEngineering
UniversityofRoorkee
EricH.Maslen,Ph.D. Roorkee,India
DepartmentofMechanical,Aerospace,
andNuclearEngineering
PradeepK.Rohatgi,Ph.D.
UniversityofVirginia
MaterialsDepartment
Charlottesville,Virginia.
UniversityofWisconsin
Milwaukee,Wisconsin
LeeA.Matsch,Ph.D.
GarrettEngineDivision
ShirleyE.Schwartz,Ph.D.
Phoenix,Arizona
FuelsandLubricantsDepartment
GeneralMotorsNorthAmerican
MichaelP.Marino Operations
FMCCorporation ResearchandDevelopmentCenter
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania Warren,Michigan
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC
WilburShapiro. DonJ.Smolenski,Ph.D.
MechanicalTechnologyIncorporated FuelsandLubricantsDepartment
Latham,NewYork GeneralMotorsNorthAmerican
Operations
GlennD.Short ResearchandDevelopmentCenter
CPIEngineeringServices Warren,Michigan
Midland,Michigan
CarlE.Snyder,Jr.
RonaldL.Shubkin U.S.AirForce
EthylCorporation WL/MLBT
BatonRouge,Louisiana WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio
EskoVenalainen
EskoIndustriesLtd.
NorthVancouver
BritishColumbia,Canada
Copyright © 1994 CRC Press, LLC