Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice PDF
Preview Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice
Impact Studies Series Editor: Christian Koeberl Editorial Board Eric Buffetaut (CNRS, Paris, France) Iain Gilmour (Open University, Milton Keynes, UK) Boris Ivanov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia) Wolf Uwe Reimold (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa) Virgil L. Sharpton (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Henning Dypvik Mark Burchell Philippe Claeys (Eds.) CCCCCrrrrraaaaattttteeeeerrrrriiiiinnnnnggggg iiiiinnnnn MMMMMaaaaarrrrriiiiinnnnneeeee EEEEEnnnnnvvvvviiiiirrrrrooooonnnnnmmmmmeeeeennnnntttttsssss aaaaannnnnddddd ooooonnnnn IIIIIccccceeeee With 119 Figures and 23 Tables 123 DR. HENNING DYPVIK DR. MARK BURCHELL Department of Geology Centre for Astrophysics University of Oslo and Planetary Sciences P.O. Box, Blindern University of Kent, Canterbury 0316 Oslo, Norway Kent CT2 7NR Email: United Kingdom [email protected] Email: M.J.Burchell @kent.ac.uk PROF. DR. PHILIPPE CLAEYS Department of Geology Vrije University Brussel Peinlaan 2 1050 Brussels, Belgium Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-07376-2 ISBN 978-3-662-06423-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-06423-8 Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Bibliographic information published by die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitations, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH . ViolationsareliableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyright Law. springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Design: Kirchner, Heidelberg Printed on acid free paper 32/2132 AO – 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface The workshop "Submarine craters and ejecta-crater correlation with a special session on ”Icy Impacts and Icy targets” was held on Svalbard, Norway from August 29 to September 3, 2001, with a pre-meeting excursion to Gardnos, Norway (August 28). Forty-five scientists from 17 nations participated in the workshop. This meeting was the seventh in a series of workshops organized by the European Science Foundation programme "Response of the Earth System to Impact Processes" (http://pssri.open.ac.uk/esf). With such topics as submarine craters, ejecta-crater correlation, and icy targets, the high Arctic locality of Svalbard was an obvious choice: One of the rare marine impacts (Mjølnir) took place nearby in the Barents sea, and on Svalbard, after a steep climb, its ejecta can be examined in the field; furthermore permafrost, snow, ice, and glaciers are an integral part of the Svalbard surroundings. The conference was arranged at the facilities of the University Centre on Svalbard (UNIS) in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. The abstracts were published in a special abstract volume of the Norwegian Geological Society (ISBN 823-519- 1701-8). Twenty-three talks and twenty posters were presented. The peer- reviewed conference papers are published in this volume. Through the presentations of the workshop the formation of marine and icy impacts was examined and the importance of understanding ejecta distribution and correlation with the source crater was emphasized. The idea behind this meeting was to clarify the following questions: What is the role and what are the influences of the presence of water liquid or solid in the target? How does water and ice contribute to the ejecta formation and distribution on Earth and the other planets? In addition, biological processes and changes of the depositional conditions resulting from a marine impact were also discussed, and the post-impact situation was characterized. Modeling is an important and integral part of marine crater research. To foster a better understanding of this field, often seen as complex if not Byzantine by some geologists, the editors have decided to include an article by Elizabetta Pierazzo and Gareth Collins explaining the basic principles of hydrocode modeling. It was a great pleasure for the Norwegian geological community to host this international meeting and to have advanced, engaged, and challenging discussions of this hot topic in such a cool place. The 9th meeting in the ESF IMPACT programme was arranged in October 12 to October 16, 2002 and two related papers from that meeting (Vajda et al. and Pesonen et al.) have been included in this book. Henning Dypvik Philippe Claeys Mark Burchell Department of Geology Department of Geology Centre for Astrophysics University of Oslo Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Planetary Sciences Norway Belgium University of Kent [email protected] [email protected] United Kingdom [email protected] VI Preface and acknowledgements Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the ESF IMPACT programme, the steering committee, and the University Centre on Svalbard (UNIS) for making this workshop possible. We would also like to thank all who contributed to this volume by submitting manuscripts and, in particular, all the referees. The co- convenors Filippos Tsikalas, Morten Smelror, Jan Inge Faleide, Sverre Ola Johnsen, Atle Mørk and Jenö Nagy should also be thanked for all their efforts. We would in particular mention Sverre Ola Johnsen, Atle Mørk, Jenö Nagy and Johan Naterstad for their engaged excursion guiding. This meeting and the proceedings benefited very much from the invaluable help of the series editor Christian Koeberl. The meeting was financially supported by the ESF IMPACT programme, University of Oslo (Industrial Liasion), and the following local Longyearbyen- based companies: Ing. Paulsen, Svalbardbutikken, Svalbard Polar Travel, SpareBank 1- Nord Norge and Rebekka Gave & Suvenir. The abstract volume was kindly sponsored by Geological Survey of Norway, University of Oslo, Norsk Agip, RWE-DEA, DNO, Norwegian Polar Institute, SINTEF Petroleum Research, Esso Norge AS, Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research, Norske Conoco AS, Shell and Statoil. Finally, we would like to thank the Svalbard weather for a true arctic experience. Contents Impacts into Marine and Icy Environments Henning Dypvik, Mark J.Burchell and Philippe Claeys…………………..........…1 Marine impacts and ejecta Biotic Responses to the Mjølnir Meteorite Impact, Barents Sea: Evidence from a Core Drilled within the Crater Gerd Merethe A. Bremer, Morten Smelror, Jenö Nagy and Jorunn O. Vigran ...21 Near-field Erosional Features at the Mjølnir Impact Crater: the Role of Marine Sedimentary Target Filippos Tsikalas and Jan Inge Faleide…………………………………………..39 Global Effects of the Chicxulub Impact on Terrestrial Vegetation - Review of the Palynological Record from New Zealand Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary Vivi Vajda, J. Ian Raine, Christopher J. Hollis and C. Percy Strong……………57 The Neugrund Marine Impact Structure (Gulf of Finland, Estonia) Sten Suuroja and Kalle Suuroja ………………………………………................75 Structure-filling Sediments of the Wetumpka Marine-target Impact Structure (Alabama, USA) David T. King, Jr., Thornton L. Neathery and Lucille W. Petruny………………97 Krk-breccia, Possible Impact-Crater Fill, Island of Krk in Eastern Adriatic Sea (Croatia) Tihomir Marjanac, Ana Marija Tomša and Ljerka Marjanac …………….…...115 Did the Puchezh-Katunki Impact Trigger an Extinction? József Pálfy……………………………………………………………………...135 Geochemistry of a Langhian Pelagic Marly Limestone Sequence of the Cònero Riviera, Ancona (Italy) and the Search for a Ries Impact Signature: A Progress Report Dieter Mader, Christian Koeberl and Alessandro Montanari ………...….……149 VIII Contents Icy impacts and icy impactors Titan: A New World Covered in Submarine Craters? Ralph D. Lorenz ………………………………………………………...………185 Estimating Crater Size for Hypervelocity Impacts on Small Icy Bodies (e.g. Comet Nucleus) Mark J. Burchell, Ellen Johnson and Ivan Grey ………………………………197 Survivability of Bacteria in Hypervelocity Impacts on Ice J.R. Mann, M.J. Burchell, P. Brandão, A.W. Bunch and I.D.S.Grey…………..211 Impact Cratering of Icy and Rocky Targets in Planetary Sciences and in the Labo- ratory Jacek Leliwa-Kopystynskiand Mark J. Burchell………………………………..223 Methods Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar Age Determinations of Impactites from the Ilyinets Structure, Ukraine Lauri J. Pesonen, Dieter Mader, Eugene P. Gurov, Christian Koeberl, Kari A. Kinnunen, Fabio Donadini and Robert Handler …………….............................251 Cathodoluminescence, Electron Microscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy of Ex- perimentally Shock Metamorphosed Zircon Crystals and Naturally Shocked Zir- con from the Ries Impact Crater Arnold Gucsik, Christian Koeberl, Franz Brandstätter, Eugen LibowitzkyandWolf Uwe Reimold………………………………………………………………….…281 A Brief Introduction to Hydrocode Modeling of Impact Cratering Elisabetta Pierazzo and Gareth Collins……………………………………...…323 List of Contributors Pedro Brandão BioSciences Laboratory University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ,United Kingdom ([email protected]) Franz Brandstätter Department of Mineralogy Natural History Museum P.O. Box 417, A-1014 Vienna, Austria ([email protected]) Gerd Merethe A.Bremer Department of Geology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1047, Blindern N-0316 Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) Alan W. Bunch BioSciences Laboratory University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom. ([email protected]) Mark J. Burchell Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences University of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom. ([email protected]) Gareth Collins Lunar and Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA ([email protected]) Philippe Claeys Department of Geology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium ([email protected]) X Contributors Fabio Donadini Division of Geophysics University of Helsinki P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland ([email protected]) Henning Dypvik Department of Geology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) Jan Inge Faleide Department of Geology University of Oslo P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) Ivan Grey Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Sciences University of Kent Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, United Kingdom ([email protected]) Arnold Gucsik Department of Applied Physics Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan ([email protected]) and Institute of Geological Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria ([email protected]) Eugene P. Gurov Institute of Geological Sciences Ukrainian Academy of Sciences 55-b Oles Gonchar Street, Kiev 01054, Ukraine ([email protected])
The list of books you might like
