Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection PDF
Preview Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection
Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Im pact and Occupant Protection NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag / Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NA TO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© wrv GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series E: Applied Sciences -Vol. 332 Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection edited by c. Jorge A. Ambrasio o. Manuel F. Seabra Pereira and Fernando Pina da Silva Instituto de Engenharia MecAnica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisboa, Portugal Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection Tr6ia, Portugal July 7-19,1996 A C.i.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-94-010-6447-7 ISBN 978-94-011-5796-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-5796-4 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 1997Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. NATO-ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Structural Impact and Occupant Protection TROIA, PORTUGAL JULY 7 -19,1996 MAIN SPONSOR: NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization SPONSORS Associa~ao do Comercio Autom6vel de Portugal European Research Office of the US Army Ford Motor Company Funda~ao Luso Americana para 0 Desenvolvimento Industria de Componentes Mecamcos Instituto de Engenharia Mecamca p610 1ST Junta Nacional de Investiga~ao Cientifica e Tecno16gica National Science Foundation Na tionallnstitute for Aviation Research Preven~ao Rodoviaria Portuguesa Office of Naval Research European Office Ordem dos Engenheiros da Regiao Sui Renault Portuguesa Sociedade Gnifica da Paia TAP Air Portugal DIRECTOR Jorge A. C. Ambr6sio, IDMEC-Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal CO-DIRECTOR Wlodek Abramowicz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: Norman Jones, University ofLiverpoo~ United Kingdom David Viano, General Motors, USA Jac Wismans, T.N.O., The Netherlands CONTENTS Preface ix List of Participants xi PART I -Impact Biomechanics Occupant Kinematics and Impact Biomechanics A. I. King 3 Injury Mechanisms and Biofidelity of Dummies D. C. Viano, A. I. King 25 Biomechanics oflmpact Traumatic Brain Injury F. A. Bandak 53 Forensic Analysis and Data for Road Users I. R. Hill 95 PART n -Road Data, Compatibility Issues and Testing 113 A Review ofthe Biomechanics oflmpacts in Road Accidents M.Mackay 115 Compatibility Issues and Vulnerable Users C. H. E. Tarriere 139 Advanced Restraint Systems for Occupant Protection D. Cesari 173 Car Crash and Safety Testing P. Ardoino 189 PART ill - Occupant Simulation Models 207 Occupant Simulation Models: Experiment and Practice P. Prasad 209 Models in Injury Biomechanics for Improved Passive Vehicle Safety J. Wismans 221 Biomechanical Models in Vehicle Accident Simulation E. Haug 237 viii PART IV -Structural Impact 261 Dynamic Inelastic Structural Response N. Jones 263 The Macro Element Approach in Crash Calculations w. Abramowicz 291 Crashworthiness of Bus Structures and Rollover Protection M. Mato1csy 321 PART V -Finite Element Modelling in Crashworthiness 361 Vehicle Crashw orthiness and Occupant Protection in Frontal Impact by F.E. Analysis -An Integrated Approach T. B. Khalil, M. Y. Sheh 363 Recent Trends and Advances in Crash Simulation and Design of Vehicles E. Haug, J. Clinckemaillie, x. N~ A. K. Pickett, T. Queckbomer 401 PART VI -Multibody Dynamics Approaches 419 Rigid Flexible Multibody Equations of Motion Suitable for Vehicle Dynamics and Crash Analysis P. Nikravesh 421 Contact!Impact Dynamics Applied to Crash Analysis H. M. Lankarani 445 Multibody Dynamic Tools for Crashw orthiness and Impact J. A. C. Ambr6sio, M. F. O. S. Pereira 475 PART VII -Aircraft Crash Protection 523 Aircraft and Helicopter Crashworthiness: Design and Simulation C. M. Kindervater 525 Current Issues Regarding Aircraft Crash Injury Protection H. M. Lankarani 579 PART VIII-Conclusions and Future Trends 613 Crashw orthiness of Transportation Systems: Conclusions and Future Trends J. A. C. Ambr6sio, N. Jones, W. Abramowicz, A. I. King 615 INDEX 625 PREFACE During the last few years, major scientific progress has been achieved in fields related to the area of crashw orthiness and injury biomechanics. In view of this progress and given the fast rate of technical developments in vehicle crash protection, a need to access the current state-of-art and results from different groups and schools of thought was felt with the ol:!jective of focusing trends in future research and contributing to new legislative developments in safety terms. With these pmposes, the Advanced Study Institute on Crashworthiness of Transportation Systems: Stroctural Impact and Occupant Protection took place in Tr6ia, Portugal, during the period July 7-19, 1996. Eighty five participants, from fifteen countries, representing academia, industry, government and research institutions attended this ASI, organized by the Instituto de Engenharia Mec3nica, Instituto Superior Tecnico. In addition to the lectures which were delivered by prominent researchers, the full program of the Institute also included contributed presentations by participants. These papers have been reviewed and a selection is being published in the Intemational Journal of Impact Engineering and in the International Journal of Crashworthiness. Interchange of experiences between leading scientists, young scholars and specialists was greatly encouraged and discussions were promoted in order to generate new ideas and define directions for future research and developments. Crashworthiness insures vehicle structural integrity and its ability to absorb crash energy with minimal diminution of survivable space. Restraint systems limit occupant motion mitigating injuries that may result from contact with vehicle interior during sudden acceleration conditions. Both structural crashworthiness and occupant protection technologies are multi-disciplinary and highly specialized, including complex technical fields spanning from the areas of mechanics to biological sciences. This book brings together, in a tutorial and review manner, a comprehensive summary of current work and is therefore suitable for a wide scope of interests, ranging from advanced students to researchers and developers concerned with advanced theoretical and design issues in crashworthiness of transportation systems. The applications will help manufacturers and design engineers to apprise the different approaches available today and their use and suitability as efficient design tools. This book is organized into eight parts, the first seven addressing the state-of-art techniques and methods in the principal areas of study of the Institute and the final part with the a review of the state-of-art and a summary of the directions for future research and developments proposed in the panel session at the end of the Institute. The biomechanics of injuries has been extensively addressed in recent years by the engineering and medical communities. The tolerance of various components of humans has been investigated extensively and is now represented by a variety of parameters which exhibit different levels for specified degrees of injuries. Major efforts are still required in order to have results that can be directly applied in the design of vehicles, so as to mitigate trauma during secondary collisions. In Part I, the aspects related with the occupant kinematics and injury biomechanics are presented. The mechanisms for injury of the head, neck and spine, in particular, are analyzed in terms of the mechanical response of the tissues involved. Life threatening injuries or serious disabilities and their relation with the excessive brain loading during crash are presented and discussed here. Finally, the pathophysiological responses to trauma are considered against the forensic evidence of possible injury causation. Occupant safety in transportation systems, and ultimately, the potential survival in the event of a vehicle crash is determined by two factors: structural crashworthiness and restraint systems in the passenger compartments. In Part II of this book the reader will find a review of the biomechanics of impact in road accidents and their relation with factors such as structural integrity, compatibility and retrain systems for different types of impacts. A variety of technological solutions for passive and active restrain systems with specific energy absorbing characteristics and different motion limiting mechanisms adaptable to the passenger and to the crash conditions are included. Compatibility issues raising from the heterogeneous nature of the masses and structures of vehicles involved in car-to-car or car -to-truck collisions or contact with vulnerable road users are also discussed in this part of the book. Special attention is paid not only to the existing research and testing procedures currently used but also to the design and test methodologies used by car manufacturers. A wide variety of crash tests, including a large family of dummy tests, are being used by different safety programs. Some seem to be more relevant to real world accident scenarios than others. ix x Part III includes information concerned with the development and use of crash test dmnmies and their numerical modeling. The models of dmnmies based on multibody fonnu1ations and on finite element descriptions are presented and the issue of more realistic hmnan body models, rather than dummy models, is brought up. The important issue of biofidelity of dmnmies and numerical models is thoroughly discussed and directions for future use of a biofidelity classification are also given. The evaluation of highly complex nonlinear response of vehicle structures, which boils down to the assessment of the energy absorbing mechanisms of structural components has been a dominant feature in structural crashw orthiness. In Part N, the dynamic inelastic response of structures and structural components is described in view of the strain material properties under impact loading. The accurate and efficient analysis tools with increasing complexity, ranging from simplified 1D and 2D models embedding analytical solutions or experimental results, to sophisticated finite element procedures are introduced to model complex structural systems. The design of buses for crashworthiness and rollover protection exemplifies the application of these principles. In Part V, recent trends and advances of the finite element analysis in crash simu1ation of motor vehicle and occupant are presented. The modeling and the use of different material models for vehicle structural components, restrain systems, air bags, crash barriers and dmnmies are addressed in the framework of the finite element methodology. The feasibility of the integrated simu1ation of full scale vehicle models, restrain systems and occupants is then demonstrated and discussed. Many of the most popular analysis and design procedures used in crashworthiness of vehicles and occupants are based in multibody methodologies. In Part VI, the fimdamenta1s of multibody dynamic methodology are reviewed regarding its applicability to crashworthiness and impact analysis. The important aspect of modeling and validating the contact -impact forces, including material and geometrical properties of the surfaces in contact, are addressed here. Finally, different fonnu1ations, with increasing complexity, suitable for the simu1ation of vehicle and occupant impact, are presented. The emerging use of optimization procedures in the crashworthiness design is considered in the framework of multibody dynamics. In addition to the general assessment of the different aspects in crashworthiness, major applications of developments to date in aeronautics are presented and analyzed in Part VII of this book. A balanced presentation of the different issues in the design and simu1ation of aircraft and helicopter crashworthiness, together with its applicational aspects will help the reader to apprise the different design goals and methodologies and the efforts that are in progress to improve the present status of the art. Issues related with crash protection of aircraft occupants, firilure of materials used in the aeronautics industry and adequacy of the simu1ation methods to specific problems of this area are addressed here. The editors are indebted to the Co-Director of the Institute, Prof. Wlodek Abramowicz, and to the members of the Organizing Committee, Prof. Noonan Jones, Dr. David Viano and Dr. Jac Wismans for their valuable suggestions and advise in the organization of the ASI. We extend our recognition to all lecturers and participants in the Institute for their active participation in the discussions and contributing presentations. Through Mr. Joio Sousa we would like to acknowledge the professional work of the Torralta staff for the excellent ambiance provided during the Institute. Our appreciation is also due for the collaboration and efforts of Ms. Andrea Freitas and Mr. Amindio Rebelo, from the IDMEC staff, that contributed to the smooth rmming of the ASI. The preparation and rmming of the Institute and the efficient editing work of this book is greatly due to the competence of Mrs. Sandra Castelo whose dedication is highly appreciated. Finally, without the support of the NATO Science Committee the Institute would not have been possible. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. Lisbon, October 1996 Jorge Ambr6sio Manuel Pereira Fernando Pina da Silva LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Lecturers: Wlodek Abramowicz Impact Design Inc., ul. 1 Maja 18, Michalowice 05-816, Poland Jorge Ambrosio Instituto de Engenharia Mecanica, I.S.T., Av. Roviseo Pais 1, 1096 Lisboa Codex, Portugal Pierluigi Ardoino FIAT -Auto, Product Engineering Safety Center, Via G. Gozzano 2, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy Faris Bandak National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 400 Seventh St, SW Washington, D.C. 20590, U.S.A. Dominique Cesari INRETS 109 Avenue Salvador Allende 69675 Bron Cedex, France Eberhard Haug RID -Engineering System. Intemational, SA 20 Rue Saarinen, Silic 270 94578 Rnngis, France Ian Hill Guy's Hospital, Department ofForensic Medicine University of London, London Bridge, SEI 9RT, U.K. Norman Jones The University of Liverpool, Department of Mechanical Engineering Liverpool, L69 3BX , U.K. Tom Khalil Safety Center, General Motors Research and Development Center, 30200 Mound Road, I-II Warren, Michigan 48090-90 I 0, U.S.A. Chris Kindervater Deutsche ForshlDlgsanstalt fUr Luft Raumfahrt, Pfaffenwaldring 3840, D-7000 Stuttgart 80, Gennany Albert King Wayne State University, Bioengineering Center 818 W. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48202, U.S.A. Hamid Lankarani Wichita State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita, KS 67260-0035, U.S.A. Murray Mackay University of Birmingham, Accident Research Unit Edgbaston Birmingham BI5 2IT, U.K. Matyas Matolscy Ikams Vehicle Manufacturing, Margitu. 114 1165 Budapest, Hungary xi
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