Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere PDF
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Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the resuits of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo I Global Environmental Change NATO-PCO-DATA BASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO-DATA BASE is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO-DATA BASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, I-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO-PCO-DATA BASE" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1989). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 387 Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere edited by Eivind V. Thrane Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Electronics, Kjelier, Norway Tom A. Blix Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Division for Electronics, Kjelier, Norway and David C. Fritts Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere Loen, Norway May 25-30,1992 ISBN 978-94-010-4694-7 ISBN 978-94-011-1594-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1594-0 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ©1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1993 Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. V CONTENTS PREFACE I X LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC S ON GLOBAL QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATIO N IN COLUMN OZONE Ka Ki t Tung and Hu Yang 1 CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM AEROSOL DATA AVERAGED BY SEASON AN D PHASE OF THE QUASIBIENNIAL OSCILLATIO N Matthew H . Hitchman, Megan A. McKay and Charles R. Trepte 2 5 INTRASEASONAL TROPICAL-EXTRA-TROPICAL INTERACTION S OBSERVED IN THE STRATOSPHER E Steven Pawson, Karin Labitzke, Barbara Naujokat, Risheng Wang and Klaus Fraedrich 3 5 STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE AI R MASS EXCHANGE AND CROSS-TROPOPAUSE FLUXE S OF OZONE A. Ebel, H. Elbern and A. Oberreuter 4 9 PLANETARY WAVE S AND TIDE S A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT O N THE EVOLUTION OF A POLAR VORTEX Shigeo Yoden and Keiichi Ishioka 6 7 MODELING THE EFFECTS OF PLANETARY WAVE BREAKING IN THE STRATOSPHER E R.R. Garcia 7 7 PLANETARY WAVE COUPLING - OBSERVATIONS AND THEORY Marvin A. Geller 9 5 LOW FREQUENC Y DYNAMIC S OF THE EQUATORIAL MESOSPHER E R. A. Vincent 12 5 vi CAUSES OF TIDAL VARIABILITY F.Vial 13 7 TIDAL VARIABILITY STUDIES USING AN MF RADAR IN HAWAII Joseph R. Isler and David C. Fritts 15 3 WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS ABOUT THE SPECTRUM OF MIDDLE-ATMOSPHERIC MOTION S Kevin Hamilton 16 1 GRAVITY WAVES: SOURCES, SATURATION PROCESSES , SPECTRA AN D TRANSPORTS CONVECTIVELY GENERATED STRATOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES: THE ROLE OF MEAN WIND SHEAR J. R. Holton and D. Durran 17 5 GRAVITY WAVE SOURCES VARIABILITY AND LOWER AND MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE EFFECTS David C. Fritts 19 1 NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF AN UPWARD PROPAGATING GRAVITY WAVE: A NUMERICAL CASE STUDY R.Walterscheid and G.Schubert 20 9 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS IN GRAVITY WAVE SIMULATION 0.Andreassen 21 9 A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF THEORIES O F GRAVITY WAVE SATURATION C.O.Hines 23 3 LAGRANGIAN COORDINATES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRA J.Weinstock 24 1 SPECTRAL ESTIMATES OF GRAVITY WAVE ENERGY AND MOMENTUM FLUXE S Thomas E. vanZandt and David C. Fritts 26 1 TURBULENCE AN D SMALL-SCALE PROCESSE S WAVES-TURBULENCE COUPLIN G Claude Sidi 291 THE ROLE OF STOKES DIFFUSION IN MIDDLE-ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT W. K. Hocking and R. L. Walterscheid 30 5 IN-SITU STUDIE S OF TURBULENCE AND MIXING: PROBLEMS AND 32 9 QUESTIONS T.A. Blix MEASUREMENTS O F TURBULENT ENERGY DISSIPATION RATES APPLYING SPECTRAL MODELS F-JXiibken. and W.Hillert 34 5 MOLECULAR DIFFUSION AGAINST LARGE-SCALE UPWELLING - A LAYERING PROCESS? U.Hoppe 35 3 A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON 2-D TURBULENCE ON A ROTATING SPHER E Shigeo Yoden 36 3 MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE STUDIES WITH THE EISCAT RADARS: POLAR MESOSPHERE SUMME R ECHOES 1 Rottger 36 9 CRISTA: A SPACE SHUTTLE EXPERIMENT FOR MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE SMALL SCALE STRUCTURES D.Offermann 38 9 PARTICIPANTS 40 3 INDEX 407 PREFACE The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle atmosphere held in Loen, Norway in May 1992 was, in the estimation of apparently al l participants, an enormous success. The 18 invited speakers included many of the leaders in the field and resulted in the attendance of a large number of contributing speakers and observers. The subject of the workshop was itself very timely, given the increasing awareness within the international community of the sensitivity of the atmosphere to coupling between adjacent layers, different latitudes, and various scales of motion. It was also very beneficial to bring together researchers with differen t approaches to the same or similar problems. Fo r example, experimentalists benefitted from the inputs of modelers and theoreticians concerning the needs of current models and the most pressing problems and unknowns. Likewise , theoreticians were challenged to apply themselves to realistic problems and saw their theories tested against geophysical data. These discussions led to meaningful exchanges of ideas and challenges to or displacement of conventional wisdom in some areas. Indeed , possibly the greatest benefit of the workshop was the exposure of many participants to other areas of research or approaches to problems relevant to their own work. Workshop topics were confined to dynamical coupling processes in order to examine progress in a relatively focussed area. Nevertheless , the results presented spanned spatial scales from molecular to global and temporal scales from seconds to decades. Th e unifying theme in all areas was the strong interactions occurring between the various scales of motion. Large-scale modeling efforts demonstrated the importance of wave-mean flow interactions, the potential for inter-hemispheric coupling and influences, and the importance of wave forcing at large and small scales. Analyse s of global ozone distributions and the mean and planetary wave structures revealed correlations of dynamical features at large distances. Considerabl e discussion was devoted to the evidence for and potential causes of tidal and two-day wave variability, with likely sources at small and global scales. The majority of the workshop, and the majority of the participants, was concerned with the coupling and effects due to, and the processes acting to constrain, the small-scale motion field, primarily gravity waves and their associated interactions and turbulence. The efforts included spectral theories and applications, the processes of wave dissipation, turbulence generation, and diffusion, and the dominant sources and causes of variability in this component of the motion field. To summarize, the workshop was as interactive as the topic itself and served both to survey the current state of research in the field and to define clearly some of the most ix X pressing problems for experimentalists and theoreticians alike. I t exceeded our expectations and achieved our hopes for a valuable and enjoyable interaction. The Proceedings contains all the 18 invited key lectures as well as 8 of the most important contributed talks. Th e editors therefore feel that the book provides a very satisfactory account of the workshop, and we thank the authors for their willingness to support our efforts in preparing this volume. The organization of the Workshop was made possible by a grant No. 910806 provided by NATO through its International Scientific Exchange Programmes. W e also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestria l Physics (SCOSTEP) which made it possible for us to invite several additional distinguished speakers. Last , but not least we thank the conference secretary, Mrs Maryann Huse Paixao, for her work in organizing the workshop and preparing the manuscripts for publications. E V Thrane, T A Blix, D C Fritts ON GLOBA L QUASI-BIENNIA L OSCILLATIO N I N COLUM N OZON E KA KI T TUNG and Hu YAN G Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Although the phenomenon of equatorial QBO is reasonably well understood, the problem of how the equatorially confined QBO forcing can induce a signal in the extratropics of comparable or even larger amplitudes remains unsolved. Observa tional and modeling studies are performed here on the global pattern of QBO in column ozone, a tracer in the lower stratosphere. Base d on these results we ar gue that, while subtropical ozone is related to the equatorial QBO, extratropical ozone QBO apparently is not a result of transport of the tropical ozone anomaly. The phenomenon of extratropical QBO in column ozone is instead an integral part of, and is consistent with, the dynamical QBO in Eliassen-Palm flux divergences, zonal mean jet strengths and zonal mean temperatures. They are all likely caused by the greater tendency of extratropical planetary waves in the lower stratosphere to break during the easterly phase of the equatorial zonal wind QBO than during the westerly phase. Our model result shows that, in contrast to previous 2-D model results, extratropical QBO in ozone cannot be produced without a QBO anomaly in the extratropical transporting circulation. 1 Introductio n The phenomenon of equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation is well known. I t has been the subject of a number of observational investigations (Veryand and Ebdon, 1961; Reed et al, 1961; Reed and Rogers, 1962; Reed, 1965; Wallace, 1973; Coy, 1979), as well as theoretical and modeling studies (Lindzen and Holt on, 1968; Holton and Lindzen, 1972; Plumb and Bell, 1982; Plumb, 1984). What is not as well known, but is increasingly becoming apparent observationally, is that a QBO signal also exists in the extratropical lower stratosphere in dynamical variables and tracer fields, especially in column ozone (Angell and Korshova, 1964; 1970 ; 1973; 1975; Belmont et al, 1974; Tucker and Hopwood, 1968; Ebdon, 1975; Tucker, 1979; Holton and Tan, 1980; 1982; Funk and Garnham; Hilsenrath and Schlesinger, 1981; Hasebe, 1984; Oltmans and London, 1982; Mastenbrook and Oltmans, 1983; Hyson, 1983; Bojkov, 1986; Labitzke and van Loon, 1988; Garcia and Solomon, 1987, Lait et al, 1989; Dunkerton and Baldwin, 1991). There is as yet no generally accepted explanation of how the equatorial anomaly is transmitted to the high latitudes, where, at least in the case of column ozone, the QBO signal is actually stronger than in the equatorial region. 1 E. V. Throne et al. (eds.), Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, 1-23. © 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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