Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB): Definitions, Calculation Principles and Case Studies PDF
Preview Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB): Definitions, Calculation Principles and Case Studies
Green Energy and Technology Jarek Kurnitski E ditor Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero- Energy Buildings (nZEB) Definitions, Calculation Principles and Case Studies Green Energy and Technology For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Jarek Kurnitski Editor Cost Optimal and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB) Definitions, Calculation Principles and Case Studies 123 Editor Jarek Kurnitski TallinnUniversity ofTechnology Tallinn Estonia ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-5609-3 ISBN 978-1-4471-5610-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5610-9 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953685 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagLondon2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Nearly zero-energy (nZEB) buildings and cost-optimal energy performance have suddenly become a widely discussed topic across Europe. How to construct these buildings,howtodesignthem,andaboveallwhatitmeansarerelevantquestions that many building professionals and decision makers from both the public and privatesector need toask andfindanswersto.Thecurrentsituationis historic,as the EU has to be ready for the mass construction of nZEB buildings by 2019. Behind the scenes of this system-wide change in construction, directives on energy performance in buildings in combination with related R&D at all levels, from technology to calculation methods and regulation, have made it possible to design and construct buildings with remarkably improved energy performance. nZEB buildings are expected to use 2–3 times less energy compared to today’s modernbuildings,shouldalsoprovideahigh-qualityindoorenvironmentandlong service life, and have to be easy to operate and maintain. Yet, there is still a long way to go in order to realize these ambitious goals in practice, and we hope this book represents a valuable step forward. TherearegoodreasonsforEuropeanregulationsontheenergyperformanceof buildings: Buildings account for roughly 40 % of total primary energy use in the EU and globally, and also offer the greatestcost-effective energy saving potential comparedtoothersectors.Unliketheenergyandtransportsectors,inthebuilding sector the technology for energy savings already exists, making rapid execution possible once the necessary skills and regulations are in place. Uniform imple- mentation would accelerate the process, as differences in regulations complicate building design, installation and construction, as well as manufacturing and sales in the common market area. In this book, we have collected the latest information available on nZEB buildings; the respective authors are well-versed in the preparation of European REHVA nZEB technical definitions, as well as national regulations and nZEB requirements. They present the latest information on technical definitions, system boundaries, and methodologies for energy performance calculations, as well as descriptions of technical solutions and design processes on the basis of nZEB building case studies—essential resources for all those who need to understand and/or work with the energy performance of buildings. v vi Preface The authors believe that a healthy and ongoing exchange of information will helptopromotemoreconcreteandharmonizednationalnZEBregulations,andto find cost-effective design processes and technical solutions for future nZEB buildings. Tallinn, July 21, 2013 Jarek Kurnitski Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jarek Kurnitski Nearly Zero-Energy Building’s (nZEB) Definitions and Assessment Boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jarek Kurnitski Present Energy Performance Requirements and nZEB Targets in Some Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Jarek Kurnitski, Christian Feldmann, Per Heiselberg, Livio Mazzarella, Igor Sartori, Karsten Voss and Åsa Wahlström Cost Optimal Energy Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Jarek Kurnitski Target Values for Indoor Environment in Energy-Efficient Design . . . 57 Olli Seppänen and Jarek Kurnitski Energy Efficiency Measures: In Different Climates and in Architectural Competitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Panu Mustakallio and Jarek Kurnitski Basic Design Principles of nZEB Buildings in Scoping and Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Hendrik Voll, Risto Kosonen and Jarek Kurnitski nZEB Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Jarek Kurnitski, Matthias Achermann, Jonas Gräslund, Oscar Hernandez and Wim Zeiler vii Authors Matthias Achermann Amstein Walthert Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland JonasGräslund SkanskaCommercialDevelopmentNordic,Stockholm,Sweden Oscar Hernandez Elithis Groupe, Dijon, France Risto Kosonen Halton Group, Helsinki, Finland Jarek Kurnitski Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia Panu Mustakallio Halton Group, Helsinki, Finland OlliSeppänen FederationofEuropeanHeating,VentilationandAir-conditioning Associations, Brussels, Belgium Hendrik Voll Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia Wim Zeiler Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ix Introduction Jarek Kurnitski Abstract Nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) requirements can be seen as a major driver in construction sector for next years, as all new buildings in EU are expectedtobenearlyzerobuildingsfrom2021.Inmanycountries,presentenergy performance minimum requirements have not been able to follow increasing energyprices—thathasbeenrevealedbycostoptimalityanalysesshowingthefact thatrequirementslagbehindandarenotabletoprovideminimallifecyclecostof construction and operation of buildings even with reasonably short life cycle periods used. These two new terms, nZEB and cost optimal energy performance, werelaunchedbyenergyperformanceofbuildingsdirectiverecast(EPBDrecast) in EPBD (2010). EPBD requires that energy performance minimum requirements will be shifted to cost optimal level as a first step towards nZEB buildings. MemberStateshavetodefinewhatnZEBforthemexactlyconstitutes.Itiseasyto realize the problem that various definitions of nZEB may cause in Europe if uniformed methodology will not be used. In this book, the latest information on technical definitions, system boundaries and other methodology for energy per- formance calculations, as well as description of technical solutions, based on nZEBbuildingcasestudiescanbefound.Thiscouldhelpallpersonsneedingtobe aware or working with energy performance of buildings. 1 EPBD Recast: Many Duties to the Member States Energy performance of buildings directive recast came into force on 9 July 2010 [1].Thebackgroundforthedirectivestatesthatbuildingsaccountfor40 %ofthe total energy consumption in the European Union. The sector is expanding, which J.Kurnitski(&) TallinnUniversityofTechnology,Ehitajatetee5,19086,Tallinn,Estonia e-mail:[email protected] J.Kurnitski(ed.),CostOptimalandNearlyZero-EnergyBuildings(nZEB), 1 GreenEnergyandTechnology,DOI:10.1007/978-1-4471-5610-9_1, (cid:2)Springer-VerlagLondon2013 2 J.Kurnitski is bound to increase its energy consumption. Therefore, the reduction in energy consumption and the use of energy from renewable sources in the building sector constitute important measures, which are needed to reduce the Union’s energy dependency and greenhouse gas emissions. Together with an increased use of energy from renewable sources, measures taken to reduce energy consumption in the Union would allow the Union to comply with the Kyoto Protocol, and its commitment to reduce, by 2020, the overall greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20 % below 1990 levels. Member States shall adopt and publish, by 9 July 2012, at the latest, the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with most of the articles, required to be in force from 9 January 2013. According to the Directive, the Member States shall ensure that by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December 2018, new buildings occu- pied and owned by public authorities will be nearly zero-energy buildings. Inthedirective,‘nearlyzero-energybuilding’meansabuildingthathasavery high energy performance.Thenearlyzeroorvery lowamountofenergyrequired should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. Since the Commission does not give minimum or maximum harmonized requirements, it willbeuptotheMemberStatestodefinewhatforthemexactlyconstitutesa‘‘very high energy performance’’. National roadmaps towards nearly zero-energy buildings are needed for all Member States. Member States shall draw up national plans for increasing the numberofnearlyzero-energybuildings.Thesenationalplansmayinclude targets differentiated according to the category of building. Member States shall fur- thermore,followingtheleadingexampleofthepublicsector,developpoliciesand takemeasuressuchasthesettingoftargetsinordertostimulatethetransformation of buildings that are refurbished into nearly zero-energy buildings and inform the Commission thereof in their national plans. The national plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements: (a) the Member State’s detailed application in practice of the definition of nearly zero-energybuildings,reflectingtheirnational,regionalorlocalconditionsand including a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kWh/m2 peryear.Primaryenergyfactorsusedforthedeterminationoftheprimaryenergy usemaybebasedonnationalorregionalyearlyaveragevaluesandmaytakeinto accountrelevantEuropeanstandards; (b) intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015; (c) information on the policies and financial or other measures adopted in the contextofforthepromotionofnearlyzero-energybuildings,includingdetails of national requirements and measures concerning the use of energy from renewable sources in new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major renovation.
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