COST, EFFECTIVENESS AND UTILITY OF POLYMER SOIL STABILIZERS By RAZI AHMAD ...

181 Pages·2014·13.89 MB·English

COST, EFFECTIVENESS AND UTILITY OF
POLYMER SOIL STABILIZERS
By
RAZI AHMAD SIDDIQI
II
Bachelor of Science
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, India
1968
Master of Engineering
University of Roorkee
Roorkee,· India
1971
Master of Science
Polytechnic Institute of New York
New York, USA
1974
Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College
of the Oklahoma State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
July, 1978

COST, EFFECTIVENESS AND UTILITY OF
POLYMER SOIL STABILIZERS
Thesis Approved:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
. . . . . .
I. INTRODUCTION 1
.
. .. . . . . ..
II. LITERATURE SURVEY 4
·.
Soil Erosion . . . . . . . 4
Wind Erosion . . . . • . . . . . . . • . 4
·Mechanism of Wind Erosion 5
Water Erosion .........•.. 12
Mechanism of Water Erosion . 12
Scour Erosion .....•...• 16
Mechanism of Scour Erosion • 18
Polymers .... · .. · .......... · . 24
Water-base Polymers ..... . 32
Film Formation .•. ~ ..... . 35
Factors Affecting Film Formation 35
Strength of Polymer Films .•.. 39
Polymer Degradation and Additives .... 41
Oxidative Degradation and Anti-oxidants 43
·Ultraviolet Degradation and Stabilizers. 44
Plasticizers .......... . 45
Soil Treatment With Polymers ......•• 46
Treatment of Soils . · .. . 47
Fine~grained
Treatment of Coarse-grained Soils ... . 56
Polymer Soil Interaction ...•.....•. 60
Coarse-grained Soil-Polymer Interaction 61
Polar Interaction •........... 66
Chemical Reaction .••....•... 68
Fine-grained Interaction . 69
Soil~Polymer
Cation Bridge Theory .......... . 69
Hydrogen Bond and Chemical Reaction Theory 70
III. MATERIALS .•... 72
Soils .... 72
Soil I 72
Soi 1 II 73
Soil III 76
. . . .
Soi 1 IV . . 76
. Polymers . . . . . . .• ·. . 77
NeoCryl 601A 79
Rhoplex H-8 • 79
Petroset SB . 80
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Chapter Page
Aerospray 70 . . 80
Terra Krete . . . 81
Latex XP-4026-128 82
Corexit 7730 82
Norl i g 41 . . . 82
Orzon GL-50 83
Altak 59-50 83
IV. EQUIPMENT ..... . 84
Water Erosion Equipment ........ . 84
Wind Erosion Equipment .......... . 84
Preparation of Samples and Testing Procedure . 86
Sample Preparation ..•.......... 86
Preparation of Compressive Strength Samples . 86
Preparation of Erosion Test Samples ...•. 88
Preparation of Premixed Samples for
Erosion • . • . . . . • • . . • . 88
Preparation of Sprayed Samples for
Erosion Test . • . . . . . . . . 88
~
Sample Preparation for Permeability Test 89
Cur.ing . ·. .. -·." ....... -· .... . 90
Testing ........... ·. ..... . 91
Testing Without Cycles . 91
W~athering
Unconfined Compressive Strength . ,. . . . . . 91
Erosion Tests ..... 92
R~sistance
Wind Erosion Tests ...• 92
Water Erosion Tests ..•..... 92
Permeability Determination . . . . .. . 93
Testing After Durability Cycles ... . 94
Wet-Dry Cycles ...... . 94
Freeze-Thaw Cycles ... . 95
Ultraviolet Exposure Test .... . 95
Determination of Polymer Film Properties 96
Peeling Test .•.. 97
~
L
V; RES.UL TS . . • 98
VI. DISCUSSION 124
Petroset SB 125
Aerospray 70 . . . • . 129
Terra Krete . . . . 132
NeoCryl 601A 133
Rhoplex H-8 ...... . 134
Latex XP-4026-128 135
Corexit 7730 • . . . . . 135
Norlig 41 and Orzon GL-50 136
Altak 59-50 •...... 136
Combinations of Polymers • 137
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Chapter Page
Aerospray 70 and NeoCryl 601A .. 137
Terra Krete and Aerospray 70 . . . 138
VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 140
Conclusions .. 142
Recommendations 145
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . 148
APPENDIX A - POLYMER MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS . 152
APPENDIX B - ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL DATA ON SOME OF THE POLYMERS
USED IN THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I. Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix .. Polymer-Petroset SB 110
II.· Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix. Polymer-Aerospray
7 0 . • . • • • • • • • • . • • • 111
I I I. Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix. Pol,ymer-Terra
Krete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
IV. Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix. Polymer-Rhoplex H-8 . 113
V. Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix. Polymer-NeoCryl 601A. 114
VI. Test Results on Soil-Polymer Mix. Polymer-Altak 59-50 115
VII. Test Results on Soil With Mixture of NeoCryl 601A and
Aerospray 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
VIII. Test Results on Soil With Mixture of Terra Krete and
Aerospray 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
IX. Minimum Polymer Content Required to Provide Adequate
11 11
Cementation of Soil IV Particles . . . . . . . . . . . 118
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Distribution of Wind Velocity Above the Ground and its
Effect on Soil Particles of Different Sizes .... 7
2. Impact on the top Portion of the Saltating Particles
. due to Turbulence ....... ~ .•....... 7
3. Mechanism by Which the .Particles are Picked up by the
Wind and the Angle of Rise of Saltating Particles . 9
4. Pattern of Approximate Pressure Differences Between
Position 1 on Top of Sphere and Other Positions on
· Sphere at Various Heights in a Windstream . . . . . . 9
5. Variation of Distance of ~ravel of Saltating Particles
With Respect to Height of Rise Outing Saltation ·. . . 10
6. Relati.on of the Fluid Threshold Shear Velocity of the
Wind to the Maximum Equivalent Diameter of the Trans-
planted Soil Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Relationship Between Kinetic Energy and Intensity· of
Rainfall During a One-hour Storm .•....... 15
8. Effect of Slope Inclination on the Distribution of Rain-
fall in the Catchment Area . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9. Some General Applications of Polymeric Materials 25
10. Structural Formulas of Some Common Polymers .... 26
11. Schematic Diagram of Different Kinds of Polymers
28
12. Structural Formulas of Some Copolymers
30
13. Development of Polymer Film From Aqueous Dispersion 36
14. Molecular Structures of Linear Polyethylene and Branched
Polyethylene •.. ·. • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 38
15. InteractionBetween Clay Particles and Calcium Acrylate
When the Latter is Polymerized in situ • . . . • • . 48
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Figure Page
16. Mechanism by Which Individual Clay Mineral Particles
are Together With the Help of Organic Cation
H~ld
and Ionic Polymer • . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . • 51
17. Structure of Clay Minerals and Mechanism of Cementation
With Carboxylate or Acetate Polymers • • . . 71
18. · Mechanical Analysis of the Soils 74
. . . . . .
19 ~ Site Location of Soil I .•. 75
'
20. Site Location of Soil IV
78
21. Water Erosion Testing Equipment 85
22. Wind Erosion Testing Equipment 87
23. Effect of Polymer (Petroset SB) on Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Soi 1 in Dry and Soaked Conditions . . . . . • 104
24. Effect of Polymer (Aerospray 70) on Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Soi 1 in Dry and Soaked Conditions . . • . . · 105
25. Effect of Polymer (Terra Krete ) on Unconfined Compressive
· Strength of So i 1 in Dry and Soaked Conditions . • . • . 10 6
26. Effect.of Polymer (H-8) on Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Soil in Dry and Soaked Conditions • 107
27. Effect of Polymer (NeoCryl 601) on Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Soil in Dry and Soaked Conditions . . . . . 108
28. Effect of Polymer (Altak 59-50) on Unconfined Compressive
Strength of Soi 1 in Dry and Soaked Conditions . . . • . 1 09
29. Ultimate Tensile Strength of Row Copolymers of Butadiene
With Methacryl i c Acid • • • . . . . . . . . . • . • 128
Effect of Acid Content on Adhesion (ButadieneMetha
30~
cryl ic At i d Po 1y mer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author takes this opportunity to his earnest apprecia
e~press
tion and gratitude to Dr. John C. Moore, thesis adviser, for his excel
lent instruction, guidance, encouragement, and constructive criticism
preceding and during the accomplishment. of this research program.
The author is grateful to Dr. James V. Parcher, Dr. P. G. Manke,
and Dr. L. W. Reed, committee members, for their excellent instruction
and invaluable advice prior to and during this study. Thanks are also
extended to Dr. 0. C. Dermer for his assistance, guidance, and con
structive comments.
Particular thanks and appreciation are due to my brother, Dr. A. M.
Siddiqi, and his wife, Rabia Siddiqi, for their affection, unfailing
support and encouragement during the period of studies.
Thanks are also extended to the Research and Development Division of
the Oklahoma Department of Transportation for the financial assistance
which made this research project possible. Thanks are also due to
chemical manufacturers and suppliers fqr their fine cooperation and
assistance.
Finally, thanks are also extended to·Mrs. Grayce Wynd for her
excellent work in typing the·manuscript.
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