Cooperation in Primates and Humans: Mechanisms and Evolution PDF
Preview Cooperation in Primates and Humans: Mechanisms and Evolution
Peter M. Kappeler · Carel P. van Schaik (Eds) Cooperation in Primates and Humans Mechanisms and Evolution Peter M. Kappeler Carel P. van Schaik (Eds.) Cooperation in Primates and Humans Mechanisms and Evolution With 61 Figures and 18 Tables 123 Professor Dr. Peter M. Kappeler Professor Dr. Carel P. van Schaik Department of Behavioral Anthropological Institute Ecology & Sociobiology and Museum German Primate Center (DPZ) University of Zürich Kellnerweg 4 Winterthurerstr. 190 37077 Göttingen 8057 Zürich Germany Switzerland Cover: Gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) mother with infants, Forêt de Kirindy, Madagascar, © Manfred Eberle, www.phocus.org ISBN-10 3-540-28269-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-28269-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Libary of Congress Control Number: 2005930634 This work is subjekt to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is con- cerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, re- production on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publications does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and appli- cation contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Editor: Dr. Dieter Czeschlik, Heidelberg Desk Editor: Anette Lindqvist, Heidelberg Typesetting: Satz-Druck-Service, Leimen Cover-Design: design & production, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 31/3151Re 5 4 3 2 1 0 Preface Cooperative behavior is a hallmark of the primate order. Cooperation is there- fore an area of intensive theoretical research in biology, anthropology, political sciences and economics, as well as a salient feature of the socially complex soci- eties of humans and primates, where a large body of observational and experi- mental data has accumulated. This volume features a summary of recent work and progress in these related areas, integrating inter-related theoretical prob- lems and their evolutionary and proximate solutions by humans and primates for the first time. Cooperation refers to social interactions characterized by costs to an actor and benefits to other conspecifics. Because such behavior is, at first glance, dif- ficult to reconcile with the selfish drive to maximize individual fitness, coopera- tion posed a problem for evolutionary biology until new theories in the 1960s invoked genetic relatedness (kin selection) and the logic of repeated interactions (reciprocal altruism). While these concepts have since been successfully applied to many cases and species, more recent reviews have emphasized the widespread nature of cooperation among unrelated individuals, for which humans provide many examples that cannot be explained by kin selection theory. Much recent research in a variety of disciplines has therefore focused on such alternative ex- planations for cooperative phenomena, ranging from prebiotic evolution to the evolution of human language (Hammerstein 2003a). In this recent wave of inter-disciplinary research, biologists have adopted game-theoretical approaches from economics and analyzed the outcomes of evolutionary games in which frequency-dependent selection acts on genotypes. Anthropologists, economists and political scientists, on the other hand, have in- corporated evolutionary logic into their models of learning and cultural trans- mission of cooperative behavior. However, there has been little direct contact between theoreticians and students of human behavior, and both groups have interacted very little with primatologists, even though non-human primates provide the best living models for many aspects of human cooperation. This vol- ume provides a first attempt to initiate a more intensive dialogue among these three disciplines. This volume has two immediate goals: (1) It documents and summarizes the range of cooperative behaviors among non-human primates and relates it to their diversity in social systems and genetic structure. Whereas some aspects of pri- mate cooperation have been reviewed recently (Chapais & Berman 2004), many empirical and experimental data addressing other topics await to be synthesized. This volume, therefore, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of VI Preface the primate literature on social grooming, coalition formation, conflict manage- ment, cooperative hunting, alloparenting, food sharing and other relevant top- ics. (2) The range of behavioral mechanisms underlying cooperative behavior in primates and humans is documented and critically assessed to identify mecha- nisms of, and prerequisites for, cooperation that are uniquely human. Because primates exhibit such wide variation in social systems and cognitive abilities, they provide a natural link between humans and other animals to explore these questions productively. By clearly defining similarities and differences between human and non-human primates in such a salient aspect of social behavior, this volume will hopefully inform and focus future research in both disciplines. These ambitious goals motivated us to organize a conference (Fourth Göt- tinger Freilandtage) at the German Primate Center in December 2003 to discuss these issues with more than 250 participants. Various aspects of cooperation in mammals as well as human and non-human primates were presented in more than 50 oral and poster papers, including 16 talks by invited speakers. Follow- ing the conference, 15 contributions were solicited in written form, and each one was subjected to rigorous peer review. They constitute a representative sample of the contributions to the conference, encompassing specific case studies, com- prehensive reviews, theoretical analyses, as well as studies of non-primates that provide important comparative perspectives on general principles related to the issues raises above. We think that together they provide an up-to-date account of research on cooperation in primates and humans, as well as numerous stimu- lating suggestions for future research on these topics. The conference, as well as the resulting volume, would not have been pos- sible without the support of many people and organizations. The Fourth Göt- tinger Freilandtage were made possible by generous grants and support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kultur, the German Primate Center (DPZ), the Universität Göttingen, the city of Göttingen and the Sparkasse Göttingen. Michael Lankeit crucially supported this conference from the first moment on in many ways. Claudia Fichtel did an amazing job of organizing every logistical detail before and during the meeting to everyone’s satisfaction. The members of the Abteilung Soziobiologie at the DPZ, in particular Manfred Eberle, Eckhard Heymann, Ul- rike Walbaum and Dietmar Zinner helped beyond the call of duty with the prep- aration of this conference. The quality of the present volume is to a large extent due to the constructive comments of all contributors, who served as internal referees, as well as Rebecca Lewis, Craig Stanford and Roman Wittig, who provided additional comments on individual chapters. Christina Oberdieck double-checked every single refer- ence. Julia Barthold prepared the index, and Claude Rosselet carefully checked it against the proofs. We thank all of them wholeheartedly. Finally, it is our plea- sure to dedicate this volume to Claudia & Maria, Theresa & Anna and Jakob & Jaap, for their understanding, support and inspiration during the preparation of this volume. Göttingen/Zürich, May 2005 Peter Kappeler and Carel van Schaik Contents Part I Introduction Chapter 1 Cooperation in primates and humans: closing the gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Carel P. van Schaik, Peter M. Kappeler Part II Kinship Chapter 2 Practicing Hamilton’s rule: kin selection in primate groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Joan B. Silk Chapter 3 Kinship, competence and cooperation in primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Bernard Chapais Part III Reciprocity Chapter 4 Reciprocal altruism: 30 years later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Robert L. Trivers Chapter 5 Simple and complex reciprocity in primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Frans B. M. de Waal, Sarah F. Brosnan Chapter 6 Reciprocal exchange in chimpanzees and other primates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 John C. Mitani Chapter 7 Causes, consequences and mechanisms of reconciliation: the role of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Filippo Aureli, Colleen Schaffner VIII Contents Part IV Mutualism Chapter 8 Cooperative hunting in chimpanzees: kinship or mutualism? . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Christophe Boesch, Hedwige Boesch, Linda Vigilant Chapter 9 Toward a general model for male-male coalitions in primate groups . . . . . 151 Carel P. Van Schaik, Sagar A. Pandit, Erin R. Vogel Chapter 10 Cooperative breeding in mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Tim Clutton-Brock Chapter 11 Non-offspring nursing in mammals: general implications from a case study on house mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Barbara König Part V Biological Markets Chapter 12 Monkeys, markets and minds: biological markets and primate sociality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Louise Barrett, S. Peter Henzi Chapter 13 Digging for the roots of trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Ronald Noë Part VI Cooperation in Humans Chapter 14 Reputation, personal identity and cooperation in a social dilemma . . . . . . 263 Manfred Milinski Chapter 15 Human cooperation from an economic perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Simon Gächter, Benedikt Herrmann References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Contributors Aureli, Filippo Chapais, Bernard Research Centre in Evolutionary University of Montreal Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Dept. Anthropology School of Biological & Earth Sciences, Montreal, Canada Liverpool John Moores University, [email protected] UK [email protected] Clutton-Brock, Tim Department of Zoology Barrett, Louise University of Cambridge School of Biological Sciences, Cambridge, UK University of Liverpool, UK [email protected] & Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Natal, De Waal, Frans B. M. South Africa Living Links, Yerkes National [email protected] Primate Research Center Emory University Boesch, Christophe Atlanta, GA 30329, USA Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary [email protected] Anthropology Leipzig, Germany Gächter, Simon [email protected] University of Nottingham CESifo & IZA Boesch, Hedwige [email protected] Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Henzi, S. Peter Leipzig, Germany Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Natal, South Africa Brosnan, Sarah F. Department of Psychology, Living Links, Yerkes National University of Central Lancashire, UK Primate Research Center Emory University Herrmann, Benedikt Atlanta, GA 30329, USA Universität Göttingen & Harvard University X Contributors Kappeler, Peter M. Schaffner, Colleen Dept. Behavioral Ecology & Department of Psychology Sociobiology University College Chester, UK Deutsches Primatenzentrum Göttingen, Germany Silk, Joan B. [email protected] Department of Anthropology University of California König, Barbara Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Zoologisches Institut [email protected] Universität Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Trivers, Robert L. 8057 Zürich, Switzerland Center for Human Evolutionary [email protected] Studies Rutgers University Milinski, Manfred 131 George St MPI for Limnology New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA Plön, Germany [email protected] [email protected] van Schaik, Carel P. Mitani, John C. Anthropologisches Institut & Department of Anthropology Museum University of Michigan Universität Zürich 550 East University Avenue Winterthurerstr. 190 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1092, USA 8057 Zürich, Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] Noë, Ronald Vigilant, Linda Ethologie des Primates – Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary CEPE (CNRS 9010) Anthropology University Louis-Pasteur Leipzig, Germany 7, rue de l‘Université 67000 Strasbourg, France Vogel, Erin R. [email protected] Department of Ecology and Evolution, Pandit, Sagar A. SUNY at Stony Brook, Department of Biological, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA Chemical and Physical Sciences Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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