Control Mechanisms in the Nervous System

530 Pages·1970·12.005 MB·English

by  H. S. Bachelard (auth.), Abel Lajtha (eds.)

HANDBOOI( OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
VOLUME IV
CONTROL MECHANISMS IN
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
HANDBOOK OF NEUROCHEMISTRY
Edited by Abel Lajtha
Volume I Chemieal Arehitecture of the Nervous System
Volume 11 Struetural Neuroehemistry
Volume III Metabolie Reaetions in the Nervous System
Volume IV Control Mechanisms in the Nervous System
Volume V Metabolie Turnover in the Nervous System
Volume VI Alterations of Chemieal Equilibrium in the
Nervous System
Volume VII Pathologieal Chemistry of the Nervous System
HANDBOOI( OF
NEUROCHEMISTRY
Edited by Abel Lajtha
New York State Research Institute
for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction
Ward' s 1s land
New York,New York
VOLUME IV
CONTROL MECHANISMS
IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
9?
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON • 1970
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68·28097
SBN 306-37704-7
ISBN 978-1-4615·7165·0 ISBN 978-1-4615-7163·6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1·4615·7163·6
© 1970 Plen um Press, Ne w Yo rk
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1970
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, New York 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd_
Donington House, 30 Norfolk Street, London W_C. 2, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form without written permission from the publisher
Contributors to this volume :
R. Wayne Albers Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NationalInsti·
tute of N eurological Diseases and Stroke, Na·
tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
(page 13)
Dorothea Aures Psychopharmacology Research Laboratories,
Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda,
California; and the Department of Pharmacol
ogy, College of Medicine, University of Cali·
fornia, Irvine, California (page 165)
H. S. Bachelard Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Psy
chiatry, British Postgraduate Medical Federa
tion, University of London, England (page 1)
Arvid Carlsson Research Division of the Cleveland Clinic Foun·
dation, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Department
of Pharmacology, University of Göteborg, Swe
den (page 251)
William G. Clark Psychopharmacology Research Laboratories ;
Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda,
California; and the Department of Biological
Chemistry, University of California, Los An
geles, California (page 165)
Lynwood G. Clemens Department of Zoology, Michigan State Uni
versity, East Lansing, Michigan (page 429)
E. Costa Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, Divi
sion of Special Mental Health Research, Na
tional Institute of Mental Health, Saint Eliza
beth's Hospital, Washington, D.C. (page 45)
David R. Curtis Department of Physiology, Australian National
University, Canberra, Australia (page 115)
Jacques Glowinski Section de Neuropharmacologie Biochimique du
Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Generale du
College de France (page 91)
Roger A. Gorski Department of Anatomy and Brain Research In·
stitute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California (page 429)
Jack Peter Green Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai
School of Medicine, N ew Y ork, N ew Y ork (page
221)
RoH Hilkanson Department of Pharmacology, University of
Lund, Lund, Sweden (page 165)
LesIie L. Iversen Department of Pharmacology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, England (page 197)
Graham A. R. Johnston Department of Physiology, Australian National
University, Canberra, Australia (page 115)
Rohert Katzman The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology,
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx,
New York (page 313)
Erling Mellerup Psychochemical Laboratory, University Clinic
of Psychiatry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Den.
mark (page 361)
K.'D.Neame Department of Physiology, University of Liver·
pool, Liverpool, England (page 329)
N. H. Neff Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, Divi,
sion of Special Mental Health Research, Na
tional Institute of Mental Health, Saint Eliza
beths Hospital, Washington, D.e. (page 45)
J. H. Quastel Kinsmen Laboratories of Neurological Re·
search, Faculty of Medicine, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, Re., Canada
(page 285)
Irvine H. Page Research Division of the Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Depart
ment of Pharmacology, University of Göteborg,
Sweden (page 251)
Lincoln T. Potter Biophysics Department, University College,
London, England (page 263)
OIe J. Rafaelsen Psychochemical Laboratory, University Clinic
of Psychiatry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen,
Denmark (page 361)
Max Reiss Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Willowbrook
State School, Staten Island, New York (page
463)
Howard Sachs Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley,
New Jersey (page 373)
George J. Siegel Departments of Neurology and Physiology,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine of The City
University of New York, New York (page 13)
Leonhard S. Wolfe The Donner Laboratory of Experimental Neuro·
chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute and
the Department of Neurology and Neurosur·
gery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
(page 149)
R. J. W urtman Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam
bridge, Massachusetts (page 451)
G. Zetler Department of Pharmacology, Medizinsehe
Akademie Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (page
135)
PREFACE
The explosive accumulation of new knowledge in the biological sciences in
the last decades has advanced our understanding of the basic mechanisms
that underlie most biological phenomena. These advances, however, have
not been uniform but have varied considerably among the different biological
problems. In some cases, e.g., biochemical genetics, radical advances have
been made which have changed our ideas and our approaches. In other cases,
even with work which has yielded much detailed new knowledge, our under
standing of basic mechanisms remains very inadequate.
Among the lines of work that have not yet led to dramatic conceptual
advances is the problem of control of biological activities. This problem is,
of course, basic both to any full understanding of life as a whole, and to any
real understanding of its most minute phenomena. Indeed, the myriad of
biological activities that we can observe by direct or indirect means are all
under the sway of most exquisitely precise mechanisms. Any malfunctioning
of these mechanisms has serious consequences, not only for the particular
function itself, but for all the related and interlinked activities.
It is quite possible that the failure to have made definitive progress
towards the elucidation of the basic mechanisms of control may be a conse
quence of the very nature of the knowledge that we are seeking, in the sense
that, to formulate in exact terms the uniquely precise mechanisms of control,
it is necessary to know first much more than we know at present about the
phenomena being controlled.
Under the circumstances, the editor setting out to gather the information
available on control mechanisms has a very difficult job indeed. On the one
hand he might bring together as much information as might be relevant to
the question of control; on the other, he might limit himself to reviewing in
depth mechanisms already known to be related to control. In the first case,
the result might be a prolix and diffuse enumeration of tenuously related
subjects with a loss of emphasis on the really significant points. In the second
case he might very well overlook what may eventually prove to be crucial.
In the present volume, Dr. Abel Lajtha has skillfully avoided these potential
drawbacks and has put together a group of chapters which cover their subject
thoroughly but concisely, and in which proper emphasis is not lost. He has
done this by avoiding any overall hypo thesis and by staying within the limits
of positive knowledge. He has divided this body of knowledge into fairly
homogeneous subjects, which he has succeeded in having reviewed by
ix
x Preface
authors highly knowledgeable in their respective fields. Specifically, he has
treated the transmitters and their metabolism, the enzymes presumably
involved in transmission and other neural activities, the hormones related to
contral, and, finally, some biological phenomena which are necessarily
related to control.
The final result of his careful editing is to have made available under a
single cover a wealth of information that would require considerable effort
to gather from other sources. Thus it will be possible for the reader to obtain,
rapidlyand economically, specific information both on the various problems
reviewed and on their significance to the overall question ofbiological control
of the nervous tissue.
J. Folch-Pi, M.D.
August1969
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism ........................' . . . 1
by H. S. Bachelard
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
11. Electrical Activity and Ion Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
111. Glucose Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
IV. Glycolysis............................................ 4
A. Glycogen Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B. Glycolytic Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
V. Hormones and Drugs. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 8
VI. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
VII. Refurences .......................................... 9
Chapter 2
Nucleoside Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
by George J. Siegel and R. Wayne Albers
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A. Classification........................................ 14
B. Nonfunctional and Pseudo-ATPases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
II. ATPase Activities Related to Contractile Proteins .......... 14
A. Myosin............................................. 15
B. Actin.............................................. 18
III. ATPase Activity of Mitochondria ....................... 21
IV. ATPases Associated with Active Transport ............... 22
A. Na-K-ATPase....................................... 22
B. Correlation of the Properties of Na-K-ATPase with the
Requirements of the Sodium Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
C. Metabolie Regulation and Cation Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
D. Ca-ATPase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ................. 29
E. Other A TPases Possibly Related to Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . 32
xi