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Control Mechanisms in the Nervous System PDF

530 Pages·1970·12.005 MB·English
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HANDBOOI( OF NEUROCHEMISTRY VOLUME IV CONTROL MECHANISMS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HANDBOOK OF NEUROCHEMISTRY Edited by Abel Lajtha Volume I Chemieal Arehitecture of the Nervous System Volume 11 Struetural Neuroehemistry Volume III Metabolie Reaetions in the Nervous System Volume IV Control Mechanisms in the Nervous System Volume V Metabolie Turnover in the Nervous System Volume VI Alterations of Chemieal Equilibrium in the Nervous System Volume VII Pathologieal Chemistry of the Nervous System HANDBOOI( OF NEUROCHEMISTRY Edited by Abel Lajtha New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction Ward' s 1s land New York,New York VOLUME IV CONTROL MECHANISMS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 9? PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON • 1970 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68·28097 SBN 306-37704-7 ISBN 978-1-4615·7165·0 ISBN 978-1-4615-7163·6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1·4615·7163·6 © 1970 Plen um Press, Ne w Yo rk Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1970 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, New York 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd_ Donington House, 30 Norfolk Street, London W_C. 2, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher Contributors to this volume : R. Wayne Albers Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NationalInsti· tute of N eurological Diseases and Stroke, Na· tional Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (page 13) Dorothea Aures Psychopharmacology Research Laboratories, Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda, California; and the Department of Pharmacol ogy, College of Medicine, University of Cali· fornia, Irvine, California (page 165) H. S. Bachelard Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Psy chiatry, British Postgraduate Medical Federa tion, University of London, England (page 1) Arvid Carlsson Research Division of the Cleveland Clinic Foun· dation, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Göteborg, Swe den (page 251) William G. Clark Psychopharmacology Research Laboratories ; Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda, California; and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los An geles, California (page 165) Lynwood G. Clemens Department of Zoology, Michigan State Uni versity, East Lansing, Michigan (page 429) E. Costa Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, Divi sion of Special Mental Health Research, Na tional Institute of Mental Health, Saint Eliza beth's Hospital, Washington, D.C. (page 45) David R. Curtis Department of Physiology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (page 115) Jacques Glowinski Section de Neuropharmacologie Biochimique du Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Generale du College de France (page 91) Roger A. Gorski Department of Anatomy and Brain Research In· stitute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California (page 429) Jack Peter Green Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, N ew Y ork, N ew Y ork (page 221) RoH Hilkanson Department of Pharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden (page 165) LesIie L. Iversen Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (page 197) Graham A. R. Johnston Department of Physiology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (page 115) Rohert Katzman The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (page 313) Erling Mellerup Psychochemical Laboratory, University Clinic of Psychiatry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Den. mark (page 361) K.'D.Neame Department of Physiology, University of Liver· pool, Liverpool, England (page 329) N. H. Neff Laboratory of Preclinical Pharmacology, Divi, sion of Special Mental Health Research, Na tional Institute of Mental Health, Saint Eliza beths Hospital, Washington, D.e. (page 45) J. H. Quastel Kinsmen Laboratories of Neurological Re· search, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Re., Canada (page 285) Irvine H. Page Research Division of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and the Depart ment of Pharmacology, University of Göteborg, Sweden (page 251) Lincoln T. Potter Biophysics Department, University College, London, England (page 263) OIe J. Rafaelsen Psychochemical Laboratory, University Clinic of Psychiatry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark (page 361) Max Reiss Neuroendocrine Research Unit, Willowbrook State School, Staten Island, New York (page 463) Howard Sachs Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey (page 373) George J. Siegel Departments of Neurology and Physiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of The City University of New York, New York (page 13) Leonhard S. Wolfe The Donner Laboratory of Experimental Neuro· chemistry, Montreal Neurological Institute and the Department of Neurology and Neurosur· gery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (page 149) R. J. W urtman Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam bridge, Massachusetts (page 451) G. Zetler Department of Pharmacology, Medizinsehe Akademie Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (page 135) PREFACE The explosive accumulation of new knowledge in the biological sciences in the last decades has advanced our understanding of the basic mechanisms that underlie most biological phenomena. These advances, however, have not been uniform but have varied considerably among the different biological problems. In some cases, e.g., biochemical genetics, radical advances have been made which have changed our ideas and our approaches. In other cases, even with work which has yielded much detailed new knowledge, our under standing of basic mechanisms remains very inadequate. Among the lines of work that have not yet led to dramatic conceptual advances is the problem of control of biological activities. This problem is, of course, basic both to any full understanding of life as a whole, and to any real understanding of its most minute phenomena. Indeed, the myriad of biological activities that we can observe by direct or indirect means are all under the sway of most exquisitely precise mechanisms. Any malfunctioning of these mechanisms has serious consequences, not only for the particular function itself, but for all the related and interlinked activities. It is quite possible that the failure to have made definitive progress towards the elucidation of the basic mechanisms of control may be a conse quence of the very nature of the knowledge that we are seeking, in the sense that, to formulate in exact terms the uniquely precise mechanisms of control, it is necessary to know first much more than we know at present about the phenomena being controlled. Under the circumstances, the editor setting out to gather the information available on control mechanisms has a very difficult job indeed. On the one hand he might bring together as much information as might be relevant to the question of control; on the other, he might limit himself to reviewing in depth mechanisms already known to be related to control. In the first case, the result might be a prolix and diffuse enumeration of tenuously related subjects with a loss of emphasis on the really significant points. In the second case he might very well overlook what may eventually prove to be crucial. In the present volume, Dr. Abel Lajtha has skillfully avoided these potential drawbacks and has put together a group of chapters which cover their subject thoroughly but concisely, and in which proper emphasis is not lost. He has done this by avoiding any overall hypo thesis and by staying within the limits of positive knowledge. He has divided this body of knowledge into fairly homogeneous subjects, which he has succeeded in having reviewed by ix x Preface authors highly knowledgeable in their respective fields. Specifically, he has treated the transmitters and their metabolism, the enzymes presumably involved in transmission and other neural activities, the hormones related to contral, and, finally, some biological phenomena which are necessarily related to control. The final result of his careful editing is to have made available under a single cover a wealth of information that would require considerable effort to gather from other sources. Thus it will be possible for the reader to obtain, rapidlyand economically, specific information both on the various problems reviewed and on their significance to the overall question ofbiological control of the nervous tissue. J. Folch-Pi, M.D. August1969 CONTENTS Chapter 1 Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism ........................' . . . 1 by H. S. Bachelard I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 11. Electrical Activity and Ion Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 111. Glucose Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 IV. Glycolysis............................................ 4 A. Glycogen Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B. Glycolytic Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 V. Hormones and Drugs. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . 8 VI. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 VII. Refurences .......................................... 9 Chapter 2 Nucleoside Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 by George J. Siegel and R. Wayne Albers I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 A. Classification........................................ 14 B. Nonfunctional and Pseudo-ATPases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 II. ATPase Activities Related to Contractile Proteins .......... 14 A. Myosin............................................. 15 B. Actin.............................................. 18 III. ATPase Activity of Mitochondria ....................... 21 IV. ATPases Associated with Active Transport ............... 22 A. Na-K-ATPase....................................... 22 B. Correlation of the Properties of Na-K-ATPase with the Requirements of the Sodium Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 C. Metabolie Regulation and Cation Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 D. Ca-ATPase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ................. 29 E. Other A TPases Possibly Related to Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . 32 xi

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