Contributions of Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Technology

213 Pages·5.04 MB·English

Contributions of Space Geodesy
to Geodynamics:
Geodynamics
Geodynamics Series
I. Dynamios of Plate Interiors
A. W. Bally,P . L. Bender, T. R. MoGetohin, and R. I. Waloott [Editors]
2. Paleoreoonstruotion of the Continents
M. W. MoEIhinnya nd D. A. Valenoio [Editors]
3. Zagros, Hindu Kush,H imalaya, Geodynamio Evolution
H. K. Gupta and F. M. Delany [Editors]
4. Artelasticityi n the Earth
F. D. Stacey, M. S. Patterson,a nd A. Nicholas [Editors]
5. Evolution of the Earth
R. J. O'Connell and W. S. Fyfe [Editors]
6. Dynamics of PassiveM argins
R. A. Scruffon IEditor]
7. Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics
H. Berckhemer and K. Hs((cid:127)[ Editors]
8. Continental and Oceanic Ri(cid:127)
G. P(cid:127)lmason, P. Mohr, K. Burke,R .W . Girdler,R . J. Bridwella, nd G. E.S igvaldason[E ditors]
9. Geodynamics of the EasternP acific Region,C aribbean and Scotia Arcs
R(cid:127)mon Cabr(cid:127), S. J. [Editor]
10. Profileso f Orogenic Belts
N. Rasta nd F. M. Delany [Editors]
(cid:127). Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-lndonesianR egion
ThomasW . C. Hilde and Seiya Uyeda [Editors]
(cid:127)2. Plate ReconstructionF rom PaleozoicP aleomagnetism
R. Van der Voo, C. R. Scotese,a nd N. Bonhommet [Editors]
(cid:127)3. Reflection Seismology:A Global Perspective
Muawia Barazangi and LarryB rown[ Editors]
14. Reflection Seismology:T he Continental Crust
Muawia Barazangi and LarryB rown [Editors]
(cid:127)5. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Oceans
Kenneth J. Hs((cid:127) [Editor]
(cid:127)6. Composition,S tructurea nd Dynamicso f the Lithosphere-AsthenospherSey stem
K. Fuchsa nd C. Froidevaux[ Editors]
(cid:127)7. Proterozoic LithosphericE volution
A. KrOner[ Editor]
(cid:127)8. Circum-Pacific Orogenic Beltsa nd Evolutiono f the Pacific Ocean Basin
J. W. H. Monger and J. Francheteau [Editors]
19. Terrane Accretion and Orogenic Belts
Evan C. Leitch and ErwinS cheibner [Editors]
20. Recent Plate Movements and Deformation
K. Kasahara [Editor]
2(cid:127). Geology of the USSRA: Plate-TectonicS ynthesis
L. P. Zonenshain,M . I. Kuzmin,a nd L. M. Natapov B.M. Page [Editor]
22. Continental Lithosphere:D eep Seismic Reflections
R. Meissner,L . Brown,H . D((cid:127)rbaum,W . Franke,K . Fuchs,F . Seifert[ Editors]
23. Contributionso f Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: CrustalD ynamics
D. E. Smith,D . L. Turcotte [Editors]
24. Contributionso f Space Geodesy to Geodynamics: Earth Dynamics
D. E. Smith,D . L. Turcotte
Contributions of Space Geodesy
to Geodynamics:
Technology
David E. Smith
Donald L. Turcotte
Editors
Geodynamics Series Volume 25
American Geophysical Union
Washington,
Publishedu ndert he aegiso f the AGU BooksB oard
Libraryo f CongresaC ataloging-in-PublicatioDna ta
Contributionosf spaceg eodestyo_ g eodynarnictse:c hnolog/y DavidE .
Smith, Donald L. Turcotte, editors.
p. cm. - (Geodynamicsse ries;v . 25)
Includesb ibliographicarl eferences.
ISBN 0-87590-526-9
1. Geodynamics-Remosteen sing-Technologiincanlo vations2. . Crustal
DynamicsP rojec(tU .S.) I. Smith,D avidE . (DavidE dmund)
II. Turcotte, Donald Lawson. l]I. Series.
QE501.4.R45C66 1993
550-dc20 93-41653
CIP
ISSN: 0277-6669
ISBN: 0-87590-526-9
Copyright 1993b y the AmericanG eophysicaUl nion, 2000F loridaA venue, NW,
Washington,D C 20009
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Printed in the United States of
CONTENTS
Preface D. L. Turcotte and D. E. Smith xi
The Development of NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project J.M. Bosworth, R. J. Coates, and
T. L. Fischetti 1
Future Developments and Synergismo f Space Geodetic Measurement Techniques T.A. Herring
and M. R. Pearlman 21
Data Archiving and Distribution for the Crustal Dynamics Project: The CDDIS C.E. Noll 27
Improvements in the Accuracy of Geodetic VLBI A.E.E. Rogers, R. J. Cappallo,
B. E. Corey, H. F. Hinteregger, A. E. Niell, R. B. Phillips, D. L. Smythe, A. R. Whitney,
T. A. Herring, J. M. Bosworth, T. A. Clark, C. Ma, J. W. Ryan, J. L. Davis, I. I. Shapiro,
G. Elgered, K. Jaldehag, J. M. Johansson, B. O. R6nniing, W. E. Carter, J. R. Ray,
D. S. Robertson, T. M. Eubanks, K. A. Kingham, R. C. Walker, W. E. Himwich,
C. E. Kuehn, D. S. MacMillan, R. I. Potash, D. B. Shaffer, N. R. Vandenberg,
J. C. Webber, R. L. Allshouse, B. R. Schupler, and D. Gordon 47
Contributions and Activities of CommunicationsR esearch Laboratory Under the Cooperation
With Crustal Dynamics Project H. Kunimori, F. Takahashi, M. Imae, Y. Sugimoto, T. Yoshino,
T. Kondo, K. Heki, S. Hama, Y. Takahashi, H. Takaba, H. Kiuchi, J. Amagai, N. Kurihara,
H. Kuroiwa, A. Kaneko, Y. Koyama, and K. Yoshimura 65
Wet Path Delay Algorithms for Use With Microwave Radiometer Data J. M. Johansson,
G. Elgered, and J. L. Davis 81
A Microwave Radiometer Comparison and Its Implication for the Accuracy of Wet Delays
C. E. Kuehn, G. Elgered, J. M. Johansson, T. A. Clark, and B. O. R6nniing 99
Radio Interferometric Survey Between the GRAS and VLBA Antennas, Ft. Davis, TX
J. R. Ray, W. E. Himwich, and C. A. Knight 115
The Role of the Fundamental Station Illustrated by the Example Wettzell W. Schliiter,
R. Dassing, P. Sperber, R. Kilger, and U. Schreiber 125
Millimeter Accuracy Satellite Laser Ranging: A Review J.J. Degnan 133
Streak Camera Based SLR Receive System For High Accuracy Multiwavelength Atmospheric
Differential Delay Measurements T. Varghese, C. Clarke, T. Oldham, and M. Selden 163
Streak Camera Returns From the Relay Mirror Experiment (RME) Satellite at Goddard Space Flight
Center's 1.2m Telescope Facility T. W. Zagwodzki, J. F. McGarry, A. Abbott, J. W. Cheek,
R. S. Chabot, J. D. Fitzgerald, and D. A. Grolemund 175
Lunar Laser Ranging at McDonald Observatory: 1969 to the Present P. J. Shelus, R. L. Ricklefs,
A. L. Whipple, and J. R. Wiant 183
Lunar Laser Ranging at CERGA for the Ruby Period (1981-1986) C. Veillet, J. F. Mangin,
J. E. Chabaubie, C. Dumolin, D. Feraudy, and J. M. Torre 189
Advances in Global PositioningS ystem Technology for GeodynamicsI nvestigations:
1978-1992 G. Blewitt
GeodynamicSse riesV olume2 3, Contributionosf SpaceG eodesyC: rustalD ynamics(D avidE . Smitha nd
Donald L. Turcotte, Editors), a companionto this volume,c ontainst he followingp apers:
Introduction D. E. Smith and M. Baltuck
Space Geodesy and Plate Motions S. Stein
Horizontal Crustal Deformation and Large Scale Plate Motions Inferred From Space Geodetic Techniques
J. W. Robbins, D. E. Smith, and C. Ma
Global Scale Tectonic Plate Motions Measured With CDP VLBI Data J. W. Ryan, T. A. Clark, C. Ma, D. Gordon,
D. S. Caprette, and W. E. Himwich
Plate Tectonics From SLR and VLBI Global Data S. Robaudo and C. G. A. Harrison
Observing GeodynamicsF rom the Analysis of 7.3-Year LAGEOS Data M. Murata
Geodetic Results From Lageos I and Doris Satellite Data A. Cazenave, P. Gegout, L. Soudarin, K. Dominh,
F. Barlier, P. Exertier, and Y. Boudon
Vertical Positioninga t Laser Observatories P. J. Dunn, M. H. Torrence, R. Kolenkiewicz, and D. E. Smith
New Directions in Theoretical Studies of Tectonic Deformation: A Survey of Recent Progress J.B. Rundle and
D. L. Turcotte
Results From the CDP Mobile VLBI Program in the Western United States D. Gordon, C. Ma, and J. W. Ryan
Horizontal Crustal Deformation in Southern California From Joint Models of Geologic and Very Long Baseline
Interferometry Measurements F. Saucier and E. Humphreys
Present-Day Crustal Deformation in the Salton Trough, Southern California R. Reilinger and S. Larsen
Constraints on Deformation of the Resurgent Dome, Long Valley Caldera, California From Space Geodesy
T. H. Dixon, M. Bursik, S. Kornreich Wolf, M. Heftin, F. Webb, F. Farina, and S. Robaudo
Analysis of a 100 Year Geodetic Record From Northern California L.E. Gilbert, J. Beavan, and C. H. Scholz
Geodetic Measurement of Static DisplacementA ssociated With the 1987-1988 Gulf of Alaska Earthquakes
J. M. Sauber, T. A. Clark, L. J. Bell, M. Lisowski, C. Ma, and D. S. Caprette
Crust-Mantle Evolution, Structure and Dynamics of the Mediterranean-Alpine Region S. Mueller and H-G. Kahle
The Wegener-Medlas Project Preliminary Results on the Determination of the Geokinematicso f the Eastern
Mediterranean P. Wilson and E. Reinhart
Plate Kinematics in a Global and European Scale by Lageos Laser Ranging Data From 1983 to 1990 G. Gendt,
H. Montag, and G. Dick
Crustal Motions in the Mediterranean Region Determined From Laser Ranging to LAGEOS R. Noomen,
B. A. C. Ambrosius, and K. F. Wakker
Tectonic Motion in the Mediterranean Area From Laser Ranging to LAGEOS A. Cenci, M. Fermi, C. Sciarretta,
R. Devoti, and A. Caporali
Ten Years of SLR Data Analysis at DGFI/I Ch. Reigber, P. Schwintzer, F.-H. Massmann, Ch. Foerste, and
H. Drewes
Crustal Motions From Short-Arc Analysis of LAGEOS Data S. Zerbini
A Short-Arc Method for Determination of Station Coordinatesa nd BaselinesA pplied to the Mediterranean Area
A. T. Sinclair and G. M. Appleby
First Results of European Crustal Motion MeasurementsW ith VLBI J. Campbell, H. Hase, A. Nothnagel, H. Schuh,
N. Zarraroa, A. Rius, E. Sardon, V. Tornatore, and P. Tomasi
Preliminary Results of 1988 and 1990 GPS Measurementsi n Western Turkey and Their Tectonic Implications
M. B. Oral, R. E. Reilinger, M. N. Toks6z, A. A. Barka, and I. Kinik
Monitoring West Hellenic Arc Tectonics and Calabrian Arc Tectonics ("WHAT A CAT") Using the Global Positioning
System H.-G. Kahle, M. V. Miiller, S. Mueller, G. Veis, H. Billiris, D. Paradissis,H . Drewes, K. Kaniuth,
K. Stuber, H. Tremel, S. Zerbini, G. Corrado, and G.
GeodynamicsS eriesV olume 24, Contributionso f Space Geodesy:E arth Dynamics( David E. Smith and
DonaldL . Turcotte, Editors),a companionto this volume,c ontainst he followingp apers:
Variations in the Orientation of the Earth T.M. Eubanks
AtmosphericE xcitation of the Earth's Rotation: Progressa nd Prospectsv ia Space Geodesy J. O. Dickey
The Use of Crustal Dynamics Project Data to Predict the Orientation of the Earth D.D. McCarthy
Contributions of Water Mass Redistribution to Polar Motion Excitation C.R. Wilson
Lunar Laser Ranging:G eophysicalR esults and Reference Frames J. G. Williams, X X Newhall, and J. O. Dickey
Development of a Conventional Terrestrial Reference Frame C. Boucher and Z. Altamimi
Earth Orientationa nd RelatedR eferenceF rames M. Feissel,D . Bourquard,P . Charlot, E. Eisop, N. Essaifi,
J.-F. Lestrade, E. F. Arias, C. Boucher, and Z. Altamimi
The Consistency of the Scale of the Terrestrial Reference Frames Estimated From SLR and VLBI Data
W. E. Himwich, M. M. Watkins, C. Ma, D. 3. MacMillan, T. A. Clark, R. J. Eanes, J. W. Ryan, B. E. $chutz,
and B. D. Tapley
Reference Frames From CDP VLBI Data C. Ma, J. W. Ryan, D. Gordon, D. 3. Caprette, and W. E. Himwich
LageosL aser RangingC ontributionst o GeodynamicsG, eodesy,a nd Orbital Dynamics B.D. Tapley, B. E. $chutz,
R. J. Eanes, J. C. Ries, and M. M. Watkins
Geodynamic Results From Starlette Orbit Analysis B. E. $chutz, M. K. Cheng, R. J. Eanes, C. K. $hum, and
B. D. Tapley
Improvementsi n the Accuracy of Goddard Earth Models (GEM) F.J. Lerch, R. 3. Nerem, B. H. Putney,
3. M. Klosko, G. B. Patel, R. G. Williamson, H. B. Iz, J. C. Chan, and E. C. Pavlis
Gravity Model Solution Based Upon SLR Data Using EigenvalueA nalysis: Alternative Methodology F.J. Lerch,
H. B. Iz, and J. C.
PREFACE
Therea re timesi n the historyo f a sciencew hent he evolvingt echnologhy as been
combinedw ith a singlenesosf purposeto make possibleth e next greats tep.F or space
geodesyth e decadeo f the 1980sw aso neo f thoset imes.I nitiatedi n thee arly 1980s,t he
NASA CrustalD ynamicsP roject( CDP), a globalv entureo f unprecedentepdr oportions,
exploited new technologiest o confirm and refine tectonic theoriesa nd to advance
geodynamics.
The highlightso f the effortso f scientistsa nd engineersfr om some3 0 countriesa re
containedin the5 4 papersc ollectedin threev olumesw hicha red edicatedto them emory
of Edwal(cid:127) A. (Ted) Flinn; the former Chief Scientisto f the NASA Geodynamics
Program.
The papersin the first and secondv olumesd iscussth e significanst cientificr esultso f
the CDP in crustadl ynmxficasn d earthd ynamicsT. he developmenatn d useo f satellite
laser ranging,l unar laser ranging,v ery long baselinei nterferometrya, nd the Global
PositioningS ystems atellitesa, nde xpecte(cid:127)t echnologicaald vancementins the 1990sa re
discussed in the third volume.
The FAitorsth ankt hem anyi ndividualsa ndi nstitutionisn volvedin preparatioonf this
work. We pa(cid:127)icularlya ppreciateth e effortso f the authorsw, ho submittedh igh-quality
reportso f their research,a nd the reviewers,w ho providedi nsightfidc ommentsa nd
suggestions.
It is our hopet hat thesev olumesw ill servea s an inspirationto futurei nvestigators,
herea nda broada, sw e moveo n to a newd ecadein theq uestt o furthero uru nderstanding
of the solidE artha nd its interactionw ith the Earth'sa tmospheraen do ceans.
David E. Smith
DonaM L. Turcotte
Editors
ThomasA . Herring
William G. Melbourne
J. Berna,-d Minster
$ohn B. Rundle
Bob E. Schutz
Susa(cid:127) Zerbini
Associate
The Development of NASA's Crustal Dynamics Project
JOHN M. BOSWORTH
NASd/GoddardS paceF light Center, Greenbelt,M at3dand
ROBERT J. COATES AND THOMAS L. FISCHETrI
NASA, Retired, Silver Spring, Maryland
The Crustal Dynamics Project (CDP) was initiated by NASA in October 1979 and was completedi n
December 1991. During its twelve year history, the CDP and its internationalp mxnerse xploiteda nd advanced
geodetics pacet echniquesa pplicablet o measurementosf tectonicp late motion,p late stability,r egionalc rustal
deformation,a nd Earth rotationd ynamics. The accumulatives cientificr esultsd erived from the analysiso f
spaceg eodeticd atab y CDP investigatorhs ave beeni mpressive.
The events leading to the formation of the CDP, the developmento f the technology,t he evolutiono f
internationaln etworksf or crustal dynamicss tudies,a nd the achievementso f the CDP are describedi n this
paper. This historicala ccounits intendeda s an introductionto the technicapl apersin Contributionos f Space
Geodesyt o Geodynamics:T echnology.
1. INTRODUCTION distributeda roundt he globe. The CDP was also successfuinl
In 1979, the National Aeronauticsa nd Space Administration improvingth e precisiono f thesem easuremensty stemsfr om the
(NASA) establishetdh e CrustalD ynamicsP roject( CDP). The tenso f centimetersa chievablei n 1979 to subcentimetelre vels by
CDP was unique in NASA, in that it was conceiveda s a the late 1980's.
large-scalien ternationaelf fortw ith specifics cientifico bjectives The activitieso f the CDP, includinga chronologyo f major
which would use spacet echniquesto studyp late tectonicsa nd events, are contained in the annual reports of the NASA
Earth rotationd ynamics. Managemenot f the CDP was assigned GeodynamicsP rogram[ NASA, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984,
by NASA to the GoddardS paceF light Center (GSFC) and 1988, and 1990].
includedth e participationo f the JetP ropulsionL aboratory(J PL).
The concepot f a CDP grew out of a decadeo f researchw hich
2. DEVELOPMENT OF TWO IDEAS
demonstratetdh e feasibilityo f determiningth e positionso f points
In 1962, Dr. Henry H. Plotkin, GSFC, first proposedt he
andt he distancebs etweenp ointso n the Earth's surfaceb y either
developmento f accurate laser ranging to retroreflectorso n
accuratelytr ackingt he orbitso f specially-equippseadt ellitesw ith
orbiting spacecraftt o improve geodetici nformation[ Plotkin,
lasers( SatelliteL aserR anging-SLRo) r by recordings ignalsfr om
1964]; and in 1966 Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro, then at the
astronomical radio sources (Very Long Baseline
MassachusettsI nstitute of Technology, first proposed the
Interferometry-VLBI). Two othert echniquesl,a ser rangingt o
developmento f a Very Long BaselineI nterferometer( VLBI)
opticala rraysp lacedo n the moon( LunarL aserR anging-LLR)
system for the accurate measurementso f transcontinentaal nd
and the receptiono f radio signalsf rom Earth-orbitings atellites
transoceanibca selinesb etweenr eceivings tationsin ordert o detect
(GlobalP ositioningS ystem-GPS)w, ere also usedb y the CDP.
continentald rift [King and Shapiro, 1992]. Plotkin and Shapiro
The CDP was succeedeidn 1992 by a new program:D ynamics
envisionedd evelopingn ew technologyw ith the potentialt o reach
of the Solid Earth (DOSE). During its 12 years, the CDP
accuracieso f a few centimeters,a t a time when spacet racking
involveds ome2 00 investigatorsfr om academica nd government
was strugglingw ith 100-meters tationl ocationa ccuracies.T hese
institutions in the United States and 25 other countries in the
were the seedst hat grew over the past three decadesin to global
analysiso f data acquiredb y 45 SLR and 30 VLBI systems
networks of SLR, VLBI, and GPS stations for subcentimeter
determinationso f crustal plate motions, crustal deformations,
Contributionosf Spa(cid:127) Goodzsyt o GoodynamicsT:o chnology
G(cid:127)dynamios 25 polar motion,a nd Earth-rotationd ynamics.
This paperi s not subjextt o U.S. oopyrightP. ublishe(cid:127)d The first SLR measurementst o the Beacon Explorer-B
in 1993 by the AmericanG oophysioaUl nior(cid:127) spacecrafti n 1964 [Plotkin et al., 1965] achievedm eter-level