Contractile Mechanisms in Muscle

882 Pages·1984·57.255 MB·English

by  Rhea J. C. Levine (auth.), Gerald H. Pollack, Haruo Sugi (eds.)

CONTRACTILE
MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE
ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Biiffalo
NICHOLAS R. DI LUZIO, Tulane University School of Medicine
EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIR, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, Rockland Research Institute
ROOOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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CONTRACTILE
MECHANISMS IN MUSCLE
Edited by
Gerald H. Pollack
University of Washington School of Medicine
Seattle, Washington
and
Haruo Sugi
Teikyo University School of Medicine
Tokyo, Japan
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Contractile mechanisms in muscle.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 170)
"Proceedings of the second international symposium on Cross-bridge mechanisms in
muscle contraction, held in June of 1982, in Seattle, Washington" - Verso t.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Muscle contraction-Congresses. I. Pollack, Gerald H. II. Sugi, Haruo, 1933-
III. Series. [DNLM: 1. Muscle contraction-Congresses. 2. Muscles-Physiology
Congresses. WI AD559 v.170 / WE 500 1605 1982c]
QP321.C73 1984 591.1'852 83-26950
ISBN 978-1-4684-4705-7 ISBN 978-1-4684-4703-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-4703-3
Proceedings of the second international symposium on Cross-Bridge Mechanisms in
Muscle Contraction, held in June of 1982, in Seattle, Washington
©1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Prior to the emergence of the sliding filament model, contraction
theories had been in abundance. In the absence of the kinds of structural
and biochemical information available today, it has been a simple matter
to speculate about the possible ways in which tension generation and
shortening might occur. The advent of the sliding filament model had an
immediate impact on these theories; within several years they fell by the
wayside, and attention was redirected towards mechanisms by which the
filaments might be driven to slide by one another.
In terms of identifying the driving mechanism, the pivotal observa
tion was the electron micrographic indentification of cross-bridges
extending from the thick filaments. It was quite naturally assumed that
such bridges, which had the ability to split ATP, were the molecular
motors, i.e., that they were the sites of mechanochemical transduction.
Out of this presumption grew the cross-bridge model. in which filament
sliding is presumed to be driven by the cyclic interaction of cross-bridges
with complementary actin sites located along the thin filaments.
Although some thirty years have elapsed since the sliding filament
theory was first proposed, the cross-bridge mechanism of contraction
remains a matter for debate and speculation. A variety of cross-bridge
models has been proposed to account for contraction and there is a
significant minority view that none of these models is satisfactory. Thus,
the present status of the field is somewhat reminiscent of that just prior
to the emergence of the sliding filament theory, where competing models
formed the basis of considerable debate; except that at the present time
the debate is more or less restrictt;d to which of the various cross-bridge
models is most consistent with the data.
Since most experiments on muscular contraction are currently
designed, carried out and interpreted within the framework of Huxley and
Huxley-Simmons type cross-bridge models. we felt it would be useful to
consider the validity of the basic assumptions underlying these models.
In 1978, one of us (H.S.) organized a symposium in Tokyo. at which time
various results were rather thoroughly discussed on the above basis. and
we published the proceedings under the title of "Cross-bridge Mechanisms
in Muscle Contraction" (ed. H.E. Sugi and G.H. Pollack. University of Tokyo
Press/University Park Press, 1979). The unusual interest in this volume
encouraged us to organize the present symposium in Seattle in 1982, as a
sequel to the Tokyo symposium.
v
vi Preface
As in the earlier symposium. most papers describe experiments on
intact. skinned or glycerinated muscles. where the three-dimensional
filament-lattice structures have been preserved. Biochemical experi
ments on actomyosin solution systems have been rather intentionally
excluded to maintain this focus. This omission is not meant to imply that
the organizers regard such experiments as unuseful; quite the contrary.
We did feel. however that such work is well covered at various other sym
posia. whereas much of the material contained herein is not. Thus we
have attempted to emphasize the relationship between structure and
function.
The preceedings of the symposium have been divided into two parts.
The first, entitled Structural Dynamics, focuses on structural aspects of
the contractile process, particularly on dynamic structural changes in
thick filaments and cross-bridges. Controversial areas are not only incor
porated but emphasized. These include, for example. questions of
whether thick filaments shorten during contraction and questions of
whether there is indeed any significant rotation of cross-bridges during
tension development. New methods are brought to bear on these and
other questions. The second part. entitled Mechanics, Energetics, and
Molecular Models. builds on the structural information in the first part in
attempting to relate findings of mechanical and energetic experiments to
molecular models. Again. the emphasis is on new and controversial
topics.
Both parts contain three types of presentation that have been woven
into a cohesive framework. These are: full oral presentations. posters.
and short, extemporaneous presentations that were later formalized into
short communications. The organizational format is by topic. Thus, each
section of the book may contain a number of topically related contribu
tions of variable length.
More than half the time of the symposium was devoted to discussion.
Many participants came away from the meeting expressing the view that
the discussions were among the most stimulating and informative of any
symposium they had attended. Thus. we have endeavored to preserve the
pristine nature of the interchanges as much as possible. Only repetitious
or vague comments were deleted. and only minor reorganizations were
required to preserve continuity. The short poster presentations also con
tain discussion sections; these are summaries. prepared by the presen
tor. of the most interesting and provocative comments surrounding their
poster.
This seminar was originally planned as one of the United States -
Japan Cooperative Seminars, under the auspices of the National Science
Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, for a lim
ited number of U.S. and Japanese participants. Owing to generous addi
tional support from Teikyo University, Rigaku Denki, Inc., the Center for
Advanced Studies of the University of Washington, and the American
Cyanamid Company. we were able to invite many additional participants.
particularly Europeans. Although there were still others we would like to
have been able to invite, the complement of scientists included many
Preface vii
distinguished scientists from around the world as well as younger investi
gators who we felt had something significant to contribute.
-Gerald H. Pollack
-Haruo Sugi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The editors express their sincere thanks to the National Science
Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for the
basic financial support of this symposium.
Our thanks are also due to Dr. Shoichi Okinaga, President of Teikyo
University, to Mr Hikaru Shimura, President of Rigaku Denki, Inc. and to
Professor Robert F. Rushmer, Director of the Center for Advanced Studies
at the University of Washington as well as to the American Cyanamid Com
pany, for their very generous additional financial support which enabled
us to invite so many distinguished investigators from various countries.
We owe a debt of gratitude to Toni Ameslav, Joanne Brubaker, Joy
Crist and Eileen Swanberg who spent countless hours transcribing the
tapes of the discussions and painstakingly retyping all the manuscripts.
and especially to Kathy Altringham, our Editorial Assistant, who assumed
major responsibility for preparing the text for camera-ready duplication.
G.P.
B.S.
viii
CONTENTS
PART I: STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
STRUCTURE OF THE UYOFILAMENTS
Introduct.ion 3
Symmet.ry and Self-Assembly in Vertebrat.e A-Filament.s 5
A..1. Rowe and )(.C. )(a.w
Image Analysis of the Complex of Actin-Tropomyosin and 21
Myosin Subfragment 1
T. lrakabayubl. C. ToJOllhima and E. Iata.yama
A-Band Mass Exceeds Mass of it.s Filament Component.s by 30-45% 29
)(.1(. Reedy and C. Lucaveche
Myofilament. Diamet.ers: An Ultrast.ruct.ural Re-Evaluat.ion 47
TJ. Robinson and L. Cohen-Could
DO THICK FILAMENTS SHORTEN?
Int.roduction 65
Limulus St.riat.ed Muscle Provides an Unusual Model for 67
Muscle Cont.raction
)(.J[. Dewey. P. BrInk, D..E. Colftellh. B. GayUnn. Sol'. Fan and 1'. Anapol
Dynamic Laser Light. Scattering of Papain-Treat.ed Thick 89
Filaments from Limulus St.riat.ed Muscle in Suspension
S-I'. Fan.)(JI. Dewey, D• .C ol1I.ellh, P. BriDk and B. Chu
St.ructure of Limulus and Ot.her Invert.ebrat.e Thick Filament.s 93
lU.C. Lerine. R.W.Kensler.)(. Reedy. lr. Boftman. S. Dmdheiaer and R.E. Davies
ix
x Contents
Cinematographic Studies on the A-Band Length Changes During 107
Ca-Activated Contraction in Horseshoe Crab Muscle Myofibrils
B. Sugi and S. Gomi
Contraction Bands: Differences Between Physiologically vs. 119
Maximally Activated Single Heart Muscle Cells
J. Krueger and B • .London
Structural Studies of Glycerinated Skeletal Muscle. A-Band 135
Length and Cross-Bridge Period in ATP-Contracted Fibers
P. Dreizen,. L Berman and J.E. Berger
X-RAY DIFFRACTION APPROACHES TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
Introduction 159
Time Resolved X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Cross-Bridge 161
Movement. and Their Interpretation
B.E.Huxley
On the Possibility of Interaction Between Neighbouring Crossbridges 177
R.T. Tregear and II. L Clarke
Cross-Bridge States in Invertebrate Muscles 185
J.S.lrrq
Factors Affecting the Equatorial X-Ray Diffraction Pattern from 193
Contracting Frog Skeletal Muscle
B. Tanaka,. B. Hasbizume and H. Sug1
Effect of Stretch on the Equatorial X-Ray Diffraction Pattern 203
from Frog Skeletal Muscle in Rigor
B. Tanaka,. B. Sugi and B. Basbizume
Structural Studies of Muscle During Force Development in 207
Various States
I.e. Yu. T. Arata" A.C. steftn. GAS. Naylor. B.C. Gamble and R.J. Podolaky
Muscle Crossbridge Positions from Equatorial Diffraction Data: 221
An Approach Towards Solving the Phase Problem
J. Squire and J. Harford
Configurations of Myosin Heads in the Crab Striated Muscle 237
as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction
K. lrakabqasbi. K. Namba and T. Mitsui