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Contestations of Liberal Order The West in Crisis? Edited by Marko Lehti · Henna-Riikka Pennanen Jukka Jouhki Contestations of Liberal Order Marko Lehti • Henna-Riikka Pennanen Jukka Jouhki Editors Contestations of Liberal Order The West in Crisis? Editors Marko Lehti Henna-Riikka Pennanen Tampere Peace Research Institute Turku Institute for Advanced Studies Tampere University University of Turku Tampere, Finland Turku, Finland Jukka Jouhki Department of History and Ethnology University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland ISBN 978-3-030-22058-7 ISBN 978-3-030-22059-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22059-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland A cknowledgements The original idea for the book was conceived at a conference titled “The West: Concept, Narrative, and Politics,” at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, in December 2016. The conference was organized by The West Network (https://thewestnetwork.org/), an international, multidisci- plinary research network focusing on “the West,” and coordinated from the Department of History and Ethnology at the University of Jyväskylä. During the past decade, the theme of our book, “crises of the liberal West,” has become more topical year by year, although the understanding of these crises has somewhat transformed after 2016. This book project can be regarded as a continuation, or “volume two,” to the book The Struggle for the West. A divided and contested legacy (Routledge, 2010), jointly edited by Marko Lehti and Christopher Browning. This project is also a logical continuation to the edited volume in Finnish, Länsi: käsite, kertomus, ja maailmankuva (The West: Concept, Narrative and Worldview, SKS, 2016), edited by Jukka Jouhki and Henna- Riikka Pennanen, to which Marko Lehti contributed as an author. We have presented our work on this volume at the International Studies Association Annual Convention, European International Studies Association Conference, and smaller workshops at our own institutions. We wish to thank The Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI), The John Morton Center for North American Studies (JMC), The Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS), and the Department of History and Ethnology at University of Jyväskylä for generous collegial support for the project. We also wish to thank a number of excellent scholars, who have found the time to comment on our work and engage in valuable v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS discussion and debates on the main themes of the book. We are especially indebted to Torbjørn Knutsen, Christopher Browning, Viatcheslav Morozov, Pertti Joenniemi, Tarja Väyrynen, Robert Imre, Élise Féron, Benita Heiskanen, and the whole JMC team. Tampere, Turku, and Jyväskylä M arko Lehti, Henna-Riikka Pennanen, April 24, 2019 and Jukka Jouhki c ontents 1 Introduction 1 Marko Lehti, Henna-Riikka Pennanen, and Jukka Jouhki 2 Beyond Liberal Empire and Peace: Declining Hegemony of the West? 17 Marko Lehti and Henna-Riikka Pennanen 3 Crises of the West: Liberal Identities and Ontological (In)Security 61 Marko Lehti and Henna-Riikka Pennanen 4 From Identification to Division: Contesting the Unity of the West from Within 99 Johanna Vuorelma 5 The West: Divided in Freedom and Fear? 123 Ville Sinkkonen and Henri Vogt 6 They Hate Our Freedoms: Homosexuality and Islam in the Tolerant West 151 Roderick McGlynn vii viii CONTENTS 7 Who Owns the West? German Political Establishment and the New Right 175 Ann-Judith Rabenschlag 8 Imagining the West in the Era of America First 201 Henna-Riikka Pennanen and Anna Kronlund 9 Resilience of the Humanitarian Narrative in US Foreign Policy 233 Noora Kotilainen 10 Confrontational Civilizational Identity in the Making? The New Turkey and the West 263 Toni Alaranta 11 A Russian Radical Conservative Challenge to the Liberal Global Order: Aleksandr Dugin 289 Jussi Backman 12 A Non-world: Chinese Perceptions of the Western International Order 315 Matti Puranen 13 Balancing Between Narratives of the West and Hindu Nationalism in Emerging India 343 Jukka Jouhki Index 373 l c ist of ontributors Toni Alaranta The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki, Finland Jussi Backman University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Jukka Jouhki University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Noora Kotilainen University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Anna Kronlund University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Marko Lehti Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland Roderick McGlynn University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK Henna-Riikka Pennanen Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Matti Puranen University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Ann-Judith Rabenschlag Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Ville Sinkkonen The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki, Finland Henri Vogt University of Turku, Turku, Finland Johanna Vuorelma Institute for Advanced Social Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ix l t ist of Ables Table 3.1 Three crisis narratives 89 Table 5.1 A sketch of categorisations of freedom for analysing foreign- policy discourse 130 xi