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Contending Theories of International Relations James E. Dougherty/ Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. Contending Theories of International Relations THE LIPPINCOTT SERIES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS under the editorship of STEVEN MULLER The Johns Hopkins University Contending Theories of International Relations James E. Dougherty/ Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. St. Joseph's College Fletcher School of Law and Philadelphia Diplomacy, Tufts University J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia New York Toronto Second Printing Copyright © 1971 by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. All rights reserved. With the exception of brief excerpts for review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-134865 Printed in the United States of America Cover and interior design by Peter Bertolami The authors acknowledge research assistance from the Foreign Policy Research Institute. To Robert Preface The present volume is an outgrowth of the authors' teaching experience for nearly a decade in graduate and undergraduate honors seminars in international relations. Rather than choosing any one major theoretical approach for study, in our teaching we have striven to acquaint students with all the major efforts, both traditional and contemporary, normative and behavioral, qualitative and quantitative, to theorize about international relations. Believing that many of the theorizing efforts of international relations are, or can be, mutually reinforcing, we have sought not only to avoid ideological and method- ological extremism, but to strike a judicious balance among contending theoretical approaches. Convinced of the need for an interdisciplinary approach to international relations, we cite, throughout the book, the contributions of many disciplines— political science, history, economics, psychology, biology, and sociology—to the development of international relations theory. By its arrangement of topics, the book is designed to provide a detailed examination of the development of international relations as a field of study and to suggest avenues of future scholarly investigation. Throughout the volume, emphasis is placed upon the examination of similarities and differences among authors within each of the major approaches, as well as intellectual continuities and discontinuities among the major theories. Each chapter contains the authors' critical evaluation of the contribution, and the limitations, of major theories to the study of international relations, together with copious references directing the reader to other relevant literature. As an inventory, summary, and analysis of international relations theory, this book is designed to offer to scholars, teachers, and policymakers alike a guide to the principal theories which have shaped international relations and the work of persons, both in the academic and policy communities, who have influenced international relations as a field for investigation by scholars and a field for action by policymakers. Thus, the book is intended for the general community of persons interested in international relations, including policy- vii makers, as well as the academic community of scholars, teachers, and students at the graduate and undergraduate levels. It is our intention to provide the student of international relations with access to virtually all the important ideas and leading writers in the field. We have endeavored to make it possible for the reader not only to survey the vast literature of international relations, but also to choose for further study among the many contending theories of international relations. During the last fifteen years, the authors' understanding of international relations has been immeasurably enhanced as a result of discussions with the following associates, past and present, of the Foreign Policy Research Insti- tute: Dr. William Y. Elliott, Dr. Feliks Gross, Dr. Morton A. Kaplan, Dr. William R. Kintner, Dr. Hans Kohn, Dr. Lawrence Krause, Dr. Philip E. Mosely, Dr. Norman D. Palmer, Dr. Stefan T. Possony, Dr. Froelich Rainey, Dr. Frank Trager, Dr. Arthur P. Whitaker, and Dr. J. K. Zawodny, as well as Mr. Robert C. Herber, managing editor of Orbis. The authors have also benefited considerably from discussions following upwards of a score of lec- tures between 1967 and 1970 to seminars of mid-career officers at the Foreign Service Institute, Department of State, Washington, D.C., where for several years, under the able direction of Dr. John W. Bowling and Dr. Paul Katten- berg, theorists and practitioners of international affairs have been brought into vigorous and mutually profitable interaction. Over the years, Dr. Dougherty has benefited greatly from conversations with colleagues in various organizational contexts: the International Studies Association; the International Arms Control Symposia held in Ann Arbor and Philadelphia; the Strategy for Peace Conferences at Arden House and Airlie House; the Catholic Association for International Peace; the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; the Washington consultations of the Council on Religion and International Affairs; the National War College and the Inter-American Defense College; the International Affairs Committee of the United States Catholic Conference; the National Strategy Information Center; and the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia. Specifically, among those who have influenced his views of the world, he would like to thank Dr. Donald G. Brennan, Professor Hedley Bull, Professor Joseph I. Coffey, Professor Frank X. Gerrity, Mr. Amrom Katz, Mr. A. William Loos, Professor William V. O'Brien, Professor Paul Ramsey, Professor Thomas C. Schelling, Professor Louis B. Sohn, Mr. C. Maxwell Stanley, Terrence Toland, S.J., president of St. Joseph's College, Professor Thomas C. Wiegele, the partici- pants in the Hogan Hall course on conflict and two men named Murray, both among the faithful departed. Dr. Pfaltzgraff has received beneficial insights into problems of International Relations theory from many colleagues in discussions under the auspices of the International Studies Association, the Fourth International Arms Control Symposium; the Inter-American Defense College; the International Studies Institute (Westminster College) and the Foreign Service Institute, Department Vlll Preface of State. For their valuable comments on draft chapters, he is indebted to Professor Harold Guetzkow, Northwestern University, and Professors Neal Cutler and Willard Keim, both of the University of Pennsylvania. In addition, Dr. Pfaltzgraff wishes to thank Professors Philip E. Jacob and Alvin Z. Rubin- stein of the University of Pennsylvania for insights over the years as to the prospects and limitations of theory-building at the international level. The authors have benefited from discussions with members, past and present, of the Foreign Policy Research Institute: Dr. Alvin Cottrell; Dr. Morton Gorden; Mr. Walter T. Hahn; Dr. David C. Schwartz and Mr. Harvey Sicherman. We appreciate the research assistance rendered by Miss Annette Binnendijk and Mrs. Janet Howell during the process of readying this work for publica- tion. In the typing of the manuscript, the authors received extraordinary service from Miss Barbara Maser and Mrs. Teresa Torelli. We acknowledge enthusiastically the intellectual stimulation provided by many excellent students, graduate and undergraduate whom it has been our privilege to teach, and to learn from, during the past decade. Last, but not least, we owe a considerable debt to Dr. Robert Strausz-Hupe, formerly director of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, and later United States Ambassador to Ceylon, both for his guidance as an exponent of interdisciplinary theorizing and for his exacting taskmastership as a theorist and analyst of international politics. In the preparation of this book, Dr. Dougherty drafted the introductory chapter as well as the chapters on theories of conflict, decision-making theories, and game theory, bargaining and simulation. Dr. Pfaltzgraff drafted the chapters on man-milieu relationships, political realism, systemic theories, theories of integration, regionalism and alliance cohesion, and the concluding chapter. Both thoroughly reviewed the entire manuscript together and con- tributed substantively to each other's work. Both accept full responsibility for every sentence in the text. James E. Dougherty Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. Philadelphia, Pa. December 29, 1970 Preface ix