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Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction PDF

736 Pages·1997·56.863 MB·English
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Preview Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

) ' ' '�·'1'�' ) i ._) ( l400. !) I ) , ' ) I ) , !). . ) ) ) .) ) ' r j ,J ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) •) ) / -..) . , I .)) ) c:1 Popular. :Qi'liTE" N° 1018 . . sllog14nl l O 2 • Cor rio.t.t CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTICS AN INTJlODUCTION T H I R D E ·D I T I 0 N Edi.ted by WILLIAM O'GRADY Universitoy[ H awaii· at Manoa and MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY · Universitoyf Calgary U.S. Edition Prepared by MARK ARONOFF StateU niversitoyf N ew York at StonyB rook BEDFORD/ST. MARTIN'S BOSTON � NEW YO�! For Bedford/St. Martin's DeveloepdmieTtnalotvr Li:a ev Senieodri ptuobrl,i ssheirvnigcD oeusgl:as Bell Projmeacnta geOmemnetgP:au blishinIgn cS.e rvices, ProduscutpieornDv einsnoPairras: Texitl lustArlaltMaionoo nnVs,a: l enStainnnoa Texdte siKgynlG:ee ll Covdeers iPgant:rM iccFiaad den CovaerrSt u sLaeno pold LibroafCr oyn grCeastsaC laorNgdu mbe95r-73:1 82 Copyr©i 1g99h7 tbyB edforMda/rStti.n 's Alrli grhetsse rNvope ador.ftt hbioso mka yb er eprodsutcoeirdne,r d ea t rsiyesv­al temo,rt ransmbiyat ntfyeo dr omr abnymy e anesl,e ctmreocnhiacn,pi hcoatlo,­ copyirnegc,o rodrio ntgh,e rewxicseeap,smt a yb ee xpressly bypt ehrem itted appliccoapbylresi tgah�tto u rit nwe ritbiytn hgPe u blisher. Manufacitntu hrUeen di tSetda otfAe mse rica. \ 1 0 9 fe cd For information, write: BedforMda/rStti.n 's 75 ArlinSgttroene t BostMoAn0 2,11 6 (617-426-7440) ISB0N-3:12 -13749-4 Acknowledgments Pages 160-162: DouglaCsa mpbelClo uplandE.x cerpftrso mG eneratXi obny Douglas CampbelClo uplanCdo.p yrigh1t(>9 9b1y D ouglaCsa mpbelClo uplan.Rd eprintbeydp ermis­ sioonf S tM.a rtinP'rse sPsa perbacks. Pages 225-227: LesleNae wman." Tifafn dI ." FromS weeDta rkP lacbeys L eslea Newman. Copyrigh1t©9 9L1e slNeeaw man.R eprintbeydp ermissoifotn h ea uthor. Page 302: Tabl8e. 23Vo.w el! axinignC anadiaFnr ench. SoTuhrePc reo: nuncioaftC iaonna dian FrenbcyhD ouglaCs.W alkerC.o pyrig©h t1984U niversoiftO yt tawPar esRse.p rintbeydp er­ missioofnt hep ublisher. Page 369: Figu9r.e 8Lo.c atioofnJ nd o-EuropeLaann guages. SPoruorbcleei:m nts h Oer igiannsd Develmoepntof t hEen gliLsahn guaTghei,r Edd itioend,i tebdyJ ohnA lge(op .8 4)C.o pyrig©h t 198b2y H arcouBrrta c&e CompanyR.e printbeydp ermission. Page 395: Figur1e0 .B3a.r -prestsiimnegis n s entenrceea dinSgo.u rcAed:a ptefdr omc harbty Elizabeth Stinei-nM" oOrnr-oLwiP nreo cessoifnW gr itteTne xtb yY oungearn dO ldeArd ults" inP sychoalnodgA yg inSg:,6 8-7C8o.p yrigh1t9© 9b0y T heA mericaPns ychologAiscsaolc iation. Adaptedw itphe rmissfiroonm t hea uthoarn dT heA mericaPns ychologAiscsaolc iation. Acknowledgmeanntdsc opyrigahrtesc ontinuaetdt heb acko ft heb ooko np age6s 92-693, whichc onstitaunte ex tensiooftn h ec opyrigphatg e. --- ) ) ) J ) J ) ) Convinced at once that, in order to break loose from ) the beaten paths of opinions and systems, it was necessary ..) to proceed in my study of man and society by scientific ) methods, and in a rigorous manner, I devoted one year to ) philology and grammar; linguistics, or the natural history of speech, being, of all the sciences, that which best suited the ) researches which I was about to commence. J -PIERRE-PJROOSUEDPHHWO Nh,aI tsP rpoer(ty18?40 ) ) J ) J J ) ) _) ) ) .) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) / ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J ) ) .J . ) . ) ) J J ) ) ) ) ) ) ) J J CONTENTS Preface ·xxi Precfeta ot iFlierE sdti tion xxiii LiosftT ecilnAi�cparle viations xxv one LANGUAGE:A PR�VIEW I AC reaStyisvtee m 1 GrammaLri nagnuCdio smtpiect ence 4 2 2.1 Generality:H aAvlGelr aaL mamnagru ages 5 2.2 EquaAlliGltr ya:m mAarEreqs u al 6 2.3 ChangeaGbrialmimtayrs: CThiamneg e Over 7 2.4 UneirvsaGlriatmymA:ar Arels i kBea sic Ways 8 in 2.5 TacitnGersasm:m aKtniocwallIeSs du gbec onscious 9 2.6 Grammar 10 BioloSgpieccailaf loiLrza antgiuoang e 11 3 SummiUnpg 12 KeyT enns 12 Sources 13 RecommeRnedaeddi ng 13 Questio·n · s 13 two PHONETICST:H E SOUNDSO F LANGUAGE 15 PhonTertaincs crippon 16 i.1- UniotRfse presentation 16 1.2 Segments 17 ThSeo und-PrSoydsutceimn g 17 2 2.1 ThLeu ngs 18 2.2 ThLea rynx 18 2.3 GlotSttaalt es 19 3 Sound Classes 20 3.1 VoweClosn,s onaannGdtl si,d es 20 4 ConsoAnratnitc ulation 22 4.1 ThTeon gue 23 4.2 PlaocfAe rst iculation 23 MannoefAr r:t;i culation 24 r viii CONTENTS 5.1O ravle rsNuass Pahlo nes 24 5.2 Stops 24 5.3F ricatives 25 5.4Af fcraites 27 S.SV oicLea ga ndA spiration 28 S.6L iquids 30 5.7 SyllaLbiiqcu ainddsN asals 31 5.8G lides 31 6 Vowels 32 6.1S impVloew ealnsd D iphthongs 32 6.2B asPiacr ameftoeDrre ss criVboiwnegl s 33 6.3T ensaen dL axV owels 34 7 Phonetic TraonfAs mcerriipcEtaningo lnCi oshn sonaanntdVs o wels 3S 8 Suprasegmentals 37 8.1P itcTohn:ae n dI ntonation 37 8.2L ength 41 8.3S tress 42 9 ArticulPartoocreys ses 43 9.1C oarticulation 43 9 .2Pr oceasnsdeE fsf iiecncy 4S 9.3P roceasnsdCe lsa rity 4S 9.4T ypeosfA rticulPartoocreys ses 46 1 O OtheVro wealnsdC onsonants 49 10.1V owels SO 10.2C onso.nants SO SummiUnpg 53 KeyTe rms 54 So11rces SS RecommeRnedaeddi ng SS AppenTdihxe: IntePrhnoanteAitloipncha al(b ceotn densed) 56 Questions S 7 Fotri Slteu dLeinntg u"iDsotnW:'o rtr ayb oS1pe1ltl ing" 59 three PHONOLOGY:T HE FUNCTlON ANPDA TTERNINGO F SOUNDS 63 1 SegmeintnCs o ntrast 64 1.M1i nimPaali rs 65 1.2L anguage-SCpoenctirfaisct s 66 · 2PhonetiCcoanldliyt iVoanreida tPihoonn:e maensdA llophones 67 2.1C omplemenDtiasrtyr ibution 67 2.2P honemaensdA llophones 68 2.3C lasasnedGs e neraliiznPa htoinoonl ogy 70 2.4C anadiRaani sing 71 ,. ) ) CONETNTS ix { 2.E5n glVioswhea lnGsdl ides 72 ) 2.6L anguage-PSaptetceirfnisc 73 PhonetPihco naeTnmrdai ncs cription 75 ) 3 AbotvheeSe gment: Syllables 76 4 _) 4.D1e fintihnSegy llable 76 4.O2n seCto nstarnaPdih notnso tactics 77 ) 4.A3c icedntaanlSd y steGmaaptsi c 78 4.S4e ttUipnS gy llables 79 ) 4.S5y llPahboinco logy 82 ) 5 Features 86 5.W1h yW eU sFee atures 87 ) 5.T2h eFe aurteso fE ngshl i 91 ) 5.R3e preseannttdha Fete iaotHnui reer archy 93 DerivaantRdiu olOnresed i rng 94 _) 6 6.D1e rivations 94 ,) 6.R2u lpepl aiAtcion 95 ) 6.T3h e FaonNrdom t aotfRi uolne s 96 Representations 99 ,) 7 7. 1As simialntadht Feie oantH uireer archy 99 ) 7.A2u tosegPmreinntcailp les 100 7.T3o nAasls imialsaRa etpiroens entation 102 ) 7.4 ProceRssuelasen,sd R, e presentAaL taisWoton rsd: 103 SummiUnpg 103 � Key Tenm 103 ,) Sources 104 RecommeRnedaeddi ng 105 ,) AppenHdiinxft:ors S olving PP/rJoobnloelmosg y 105 ) Questions 106 Fotrh Set udLeinntg u"iTshFtee: a tPurreets aetnion" 141 ) ) _) four MORPHOLOGY: THE ANALYSIS OF WORD STRUCTURE 117 ._) 1 Words anSdt rWuocrtdu re 118 ) 1.M1o prhemse 118 ) 1.R2e presWeonrStdti rnugc ture 121 1.S3o mCeo mmMoonr phological Phenomena1 23 Derivation 128 2 ) 2.E1n glDiesrhi vaAtfifoinxaels 128 2.2 DerWiovrka tion at 130 _) 3 Compounding 133 ) 3.P1ro epriteosf Compounds 135 3.T2y poefCs o mpounds 136 ) 3.3 Compour1ds in Other Languages 136 ) Otehr TypWeosrF do rmation 138 4 of ) ) ) j CONTENTS ) 7� 4.C1o nversion 138 ) '" 4.C2l ipping 139 ) 4.B3l ends 139 71) 4.B4a ckformation 139 ) , 4.A5c ronyms 140 ) 4.6O nomatopoeia 140 71) 47.O thSeoru rces 141 b) Inflection 141 5 ' ) 5.I1n flevcetrDiseournsi vation 142 8"' 5.2E nglIinsfhl eAcftfiioxneasl 144 9) FurtEhxearm polfIe nsn ection 145 6 9� A) 6.N1u mb�r 145 6.N2 ouCnl ass 146 9,). 6.3 Case 147 s ) 6.P4e rasnoNdnu mbAegrr eement 149 9'" 6.T5en se 150 9.) SummiUnpg 151 9 ) KeyTe nns 151 10" Note 152 10): So1.1rces 152 10) Reoc11111R1eea1d1indge d 153 10? ) AppenHdoiwxl :oI denMtoiprfyh emienUs n afmilLiaag1rC11 ages 153 10s QC1estions 155 10)· . Fotrh Set 1.1de11"tB aLmibnigfllclaitsito:n " 160 10.' ) 105 10)( 114 five ) SYNTAX: THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE 163 ) CategaonrSdit ersu cture 164 1 1.W1o rd:CLaetveeglo ries 164 1.P2h rase Structure 167 13.S entences 172 1.T4e stPsh rfSaotsrre u cture 174 1.5x ·C ategories 157 21 ) CompleOmpetnito ns 177 23 2 28) 2.C1o mpleOmptieonnsft o Vre rbs 177 2.C2o mpleOmpetniftoo Onrts h Ceart egories 179 28 ) 2.C3o mpleCmleanuts es 180 30 33) 3 Transformations 183 3.I1n verisnYe iso-QnNu oe stions 183 35 ) 3.D2e eSpt ruacntSduu rrefS atcreu cture 185 36 3.W3h M ovement 186 36 J 3.A4M orDee taLioloaekTtd r aonrsmfations 187 38 ) 3.5 ConosnTt rnrasafionrtmsa tions 193 ) 4 UniveGrrsaamlm aPra raanmdVea rtiraitci on 194 ) CONTENTS xi 4.1 VariiantSi yonntC aactteigco ries 195 4.2 VariiantPi horSnat sreu Rcutluerse 196 4.3 Variiatnti hUoesn oe fT r anrsmfaotions 198 5 SomEex tensions 202 5.1 Coordination 202 5.2 Modifiers 204 5.3 RelaCtliavues es 206 OthTeyrp oefSs y ntactic Analysis 208 6 6.1 PassSitvreu ctures 208 6.2 Relational Analysis 209 6.3 FunctAinoanlayls is 212 SummiUnpg 213 KeyTe rms 213 Notes 214 Sources 215 RecommeRnedaeddi ng 216 AppenHdoiwxt :oB uiTlrdeS et rnctures 216 Questions 220 Fotri Slteu dLeinntig su"tB:a ckwards" 225 six INTERFACES 229 1 Morphology and .Phonology 229 1.1 MorphophRounleemsi c 230 1.2 DeriAvlilnogm orphs 230 1.3 ConditAilolnoemdo rphs 230 1.4 ConditbiyMo onripnhgo lColgaiscsa l 233 1.5 AbstUrnadcetr Rleypirnegs entations 234 PhonoalnoSdgy yn tax 235 2 2.1 EnglSitsrhe ss 235 2.2 EmbedCdoemdp oSutnrde ss 236 3 Morphoalnodg yS yntax 237 SummiUnpg 241 KeyTe rms 241 Socuers 242 RecommeRnedaeddi ng 242 Questions 242 seven SEMANTICST:H E ANALYSIOSF MEANING 245 The NoafMt euarnei ng 245 1 1.S1e maRnetliacat miooWnnogsr ds 246

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