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Consideration of Aircraft Noise Annoyance during Conceptual Aircraft Design PDF

219 Pages·2016·33.68 MB·English
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Consideration of Aircraft Noise Annoyance during Conceptual Aircraft Design Berücksichtigung der subjektiven Flugzeuglärmbelästigung während des Flugzeugvorentwurfs Von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Abhishek Kumar Sahai Berichter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Eike Stumpf Prof. Dr. Dick G. Simons Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24 Juni, 2016 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Universitätsbibliothek online verfügbar. Abstract This dissertation focuses on the ‘annoyance’ aspect of aircraft noise and how it could be minimized during early aircraft design. The annoyance in this case corresponds to the acoustic annoyance, which is directly related to the quality of an aircraft sound. A new approach is followed rather than the current common practice of assessing aircraft noise solely via A-weighted level (dBA) or Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) values during aircraft design optimization. Use is made of the advanced current knowledge on psychoacoustics to optimize aircraft designs for optimal sound quality. To consider aircraft noise impact during conceptual aircraft design, a detailed parametric aircraft noise simulation and assessment software INSTANT was developed during the course of this dissertation’s research. To determine the annoyance aspect, INSTANT was appended with a capability to assess aircraft noise in the psychoacoustics based sound quality metrics of loudness, tonality and sharpness. These metrics capture several characteristics of aircraft noise such as the intensity of overall noise and individual noise components, ratio of high frequency to low frequency content and the perceived unmasked prominence of tonal components. Design sensitivity studies were performed for a representative short-range commercial aircraft by integrating INSTANT into the aircraft design environment MICADO. It was observed that a larger wing can increase the loudness of aircraft noise and at the same time reduce the tonality, by reducing tonal prominence and increasing masking effects. It was also seen that a larger engine can be significantly quieter than a smaller engine, although with a much higher tonality. To explore the optimization possibilities, optimized designs for the EPNL, loudness and tonality metrics were produced. It was found that the minimal EPNL and minimal loudness designs captured the loudness aspect of aircraft noise, via a larger engine and a smaller wing, but didn’t sufficiently capture the tonal content. The minimal tonality design minimized the tonality very effectively by reducing the engine size and increasing the wing size. A conversion to synthesized audio of the simulated aircraft noise of the optimized aircraft designs showed that reductions in tonal intensity could be perceived audibly. The fundamental fan tone for the minimal tonality design was observed to have a reduced intensity in excess of 10 dB in the spectrograms, created at a sample ground location during a standard approach procedure. The results indicate that it is possible to modify the sounds of current aircraft towards less annoying or more acceptable sounds, by knowing beforehand which design parameter can change the aircraft sound quality in which way and form. - I - - II - Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den subjektiven ‚Belästigung‘ (annoyance, im Englischen) Aspekt des Flugzeuglärms und wie dieser während des Flugzeugvorentwurfs minimiert werden kann. Die Belästigung entspricht hierbei der akustischen Belästigung, die direkt mit der Qualität des Flugzeugklangs zusammenhängt. Ein neuer Ansatz für die Bewertung von Flugzeuglärm während des Flugzeugvorentwurfs und dessen Optimierung wird verwendet, anstatt der gängigen Praxis einer Bewertung in A-bewerteter Pegel (dBA) oder Effektiver empfundener Schallpegel (Effective Perceived Noise Level, EPNL). Die fortgeschrittene heutige Kenntnis von Psychoakustik wird verwendet um Flugzeugentwürfe für optimale Klangqualität zu optimieren. Um die Auswirkung von Flugzeuglärm während des Flugzeugvorentwurfs zu berücksichtigen, wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine detaillierte parametrische Flugzeuglärm Simulationssoftware „INSTANT“ entwickelt. Um den Belästigungsaspekt zu berücksichtigen, wurde INSTANT mit der Fähigkeit zur Bewertung in ‚Sound Quality‘ Metriken von Lautheit, Tonalität und Schärfe erweitert. Diese Metriken erfassen unterschiedliche Eigenschaften des Flugzeuglärms, wie die Gesamtstärke des Schalls oder die Stärke der einzelnen Komponenten, das Verhältnis von Hochfrequenz- zu Tieffrequenzlärm und die wahrgenommene unmaskierte Ausgeprägtheit der tonalen Komponenten. Sensitivitätsstudien wurden für ein repräsentatives Kurzstreckenflugzeug mittels einer Integration von INSTANT in einer Flugzeugentwurfsumgebung MICADO durchgeführt. Als Ergebnis dieser Studien wurde beobachtet, dass ein größerer Flügel die Lautheit des Flugzeuglärms erhöht. Gleichzeitig wird die entsprechende Tonalität auf Grund reduzierter tonaler Ausgeprägtheit und verstärkter Abdeckungseffekte verringert. Es wurde ebenfalls bemerkt, dass ein größeres Triebwerk maßgeblich leiser ist als ein kleineres Triebwerk, allerdings mit einer wesentlich höheren Tonalität. Um die Optimierungsmöglichkeiten zu untersuchen, wurden optimierte Flugzeugentwürfe für die EPNL, Lautheit und Tonalität Metriken erzeugt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die EPNL- und Lautheit-optimierten Entwürfe den Lautheitsaspekt mittels eines größeren Triebwerks und eines kleineren Flügels erfassten aber den tonalen Anteil des Flugzeuglärms nicht hinreichend erfassten. Der Tonalität-optimierte Entwurf minimierte sehr effektiv die Tonalität des Flugzeuglärms durch eine Wahl eines kleineren Triebwecks und eines größeren Flügels. Eine Umsetzung des simulierten Flugzeuglärms in eine synthetisierte Audioaufnahme zeigte, dass die Reduzierung der tonalen Stärke des Tonalität-optimierten Flugzeugentwurfs hörbar wahrgenommen werden konnte. Die Intensität des fundamentalen Tons des Fans, welche an einem repräsentativen Ort am Boden für ein Standard Anflugverfahren erzeugt wurde, verringerte sich mit mehr als 10 dB in den Spektrogrammen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass es möglich ist den Klang der heutigen Flugzeuge in Richtung weniger Belästigung beziehungsweise höherer Akzeptanz hinsichtlich der Vorkenntnis welcher Parameter in welcher Art und Weise die Flugzeugklangqualität beeinflusst, zu modifizieren. - III - - IV - Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is a mammoth and often unpleasant task. The fun part i.e. making new as yet never before seen results is over and now one must write a long (or short, if you can manage it) piece of paper saying why you did it, how you did it, what exactly you did and for whom you did it. Experience, both your own and of those who preceded you, shows that many days and nights spread over many months result in a preliminary version of a monster called a PhD dissertation, which often has to be transformed into a coherent, somewhat understandable entity in subsequent versions. What a task to join a club of members who refer to themselves as ‘Doctors’, although who are actually academics, scientists and often simply engineers. Yet I decided to try to join this club in any case, fully aware of the tough yet fun road ahead of discovering new and never before seen things and trying to prove that that’s how things really were. I started it happily and ended it happily. In between were a large spectrum of emotions, which are inevitable when you’re trying to do something over four to five years of your life. Luckily, there are several people who help you along the way to becoming a Doctor in Engineering Sciences (the German title makes more sense than the international Doctor of Philosophy – I didn’t study philosophy and I don’t intend to philosophize about aircraft noise or aircraft design… at least for now). These kind people are the ones you thank and acknowledge – your guides, your peers, your friends and family, as well as your critics. I first and foremost thank Prof. Dr. Eike Stumpf, who allowed me to work at the ILR for the four years and agreed to be my promotor. Staying in Aachen, I would like to thank all my colleagues at the ILR for accepting me as one of their own and appreciating my research as the ‘noise guy’. I thank Fabian for the three years of being my office mate and for the countless meaningful as well as pointless yet hilarious conversations. Rainer for being one of the few people who spoke to me in English when my German wasn’t great in the beginning and showing me the life in Aachen. I also thank Kathi, Christine, Sebastian, Florian, Yaolong and everyone else at ILR for the many lunches, dinners and drinks together. I thank Dr. Ralf Hoernschemeyer for seeing potential in my profile and forwarding my job application to the then head Prof. Henke, whom I thank for offering me the job and opportunity to come to Aachen and work at the ILR. I thank further very much Prof. Dr. Dick Simons for agreeing to be the second reviewer of my dissertation and for offering me the chance to continue my career at the Aircraft Noise and Climate Effects Research Group of TU Delft. I also thank the VASTCON community and Dr. Steve Rizzi for the idea and initiative that we form such a community. I also thank him for letting me visit NASA Langley, which was a very memorable experience of my PhD. I thank my family and particularly my parents. It’s a comforting thought to know that I have their unconditional support although they are in another continent. I can’t imagine having been successful without their love, help and support. - V - I thank lastly the remaining colleagues at RWTH Aachen and my new colleagues in Delft. May the future hold great heights for everyone who helped me along the way to achieving this first goal in a scientific career. There will certainly be many challenges ahead but with everyone’s help and support, I hope to continue progressing, learning and being inspired. Thank you, danke schön, bedankt and shukriya to all. - VI -

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philosophy and I don't intend to philosophize about aircraft noise or aircraft design… at least for now). These kind people are the ones you thank and The module does this by regarding the aircraft as a point mass and analyzing Newton's laws of motion for small incremental discrete steps over th
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