Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization PDF
Preview Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization
TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page i 17.11.2006 11:17am Handbook of Conducting Polymers Third Edition CONJUGATED POLYMERS T , S , P , HEORY YNTHESIS ROPERTIES C AND HARACTERIZATION TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page ii 17.11.2006 11:17am TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page iii 17.11.2006 11:17am Handbook of Conducting Polymers Third Edition CONJUGATED POLYMERS T , S , P , HEORY YNTHESIS ROPERTIES C AND HARACTERIZATION Edited by Terje A. Skotheim and John R. Reynolds TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page iv 17.11.2006 11:17am CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-4200-4358-7 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-4358-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga- nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conjugated polymers : theory, synthesis, properties, and characterization / [edited by] Terje A. Skotheim, John R. Reynolds. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Handbook of conducting polymers. 2nd ed., rev. and expanded. c1998. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-4358-7 ISBN-10: 1-4200-4358-7 1. Conjugated polymers. 2. Conducting polymers. 3. Organic conductors. I. Skotheim, Terje A., 1949- II. Reynolds, John R., 1956- III. Handbook of conducting polymers. QD382.C66H36 2006 547’.70457--dc22 2006032904 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page v 17.11.2006 11:17am Dedication This book is dedicated to our spouses, Ellen Skotheim and Dianne Reynolds. Without their understanding and support, we would never have completed this project. 43609_ACK p. VI Page i Thursday, April 3, 2008 8:21 AM Acknowledgments If this Handbook fulfills our hope that it makes a significant contribution to understanding the importance of the field of conducting polymers, it is due to the enthusiastic participation of the many authors and the outside reviewers. We want to extend our sincere thanks to all of them, and a special thank you to the staff and editors at Taylor & Francis for their effort and assistance in bringing this project to a successful conclusion. Finally, and especially, this book is dedicated to our spouses, Ellen Skotheim and Dianne Reynolds. Without their understanding and support, we could never have completed this project. TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page vii 17.11.2006 11:17am Preface to Third Edition Thefieldofconjugated,electricallyconducting,andelectroactivepolymerscontinuestogrow.Sincethe publication of the second edition of theHandbookof Conducting Polymers in 1998, wehave witnessed broad advances with significant developments in both fundamental understanding and applications, someofwhicharealreadyreachingthemarketplace. Itwasparticularlyrewardingtoseethatin2000,theNobelPrizeinchemistrywasawardedtoAlanHeeger, AlanMacDiarmid,andHidekiShirakawa,recognizingtheirpathbreakingdiscoveryofhighconductivityin polyacetylenein1977.Thiscapstonetothefieldwascelebratedbyallofusastheentirecommunityhas participatedinturningtheirinitialdiscoveryintotheimportantfieldthatitnowis,almost30yearslater.The vast portfolio of new polymer structures with unique and tailored properties and the wide range of applicationsbeingpursuedarefarbeyondwhatwecouldhaveenvisionedwhenthefieldwasinitsinfancy. Itwasdevelopmentsinpolymersynthesisthatledtofree-standingpolyacetylenefilmsandthediscovery ofconductivityinpolymers.Thesynthesisofp-conjugatedchainsiscentraltothescienceandtechnology ofconductingpolymersandisfeaturedinthisedition.Examiningthesyntheticadvancesacrosstheboard, oneisstruckbyrefinedandcarefulsynthesesthathaveyieldedpolymerswithwell-controlledandwell- understood structures. Among other things, it has led to materials that are highly processable using industrially relevant techniques. In aspects of processing, spin coating, layer-by-layer assembly, fiber spinning,andtheapplicationofprintingtechnologyhaveallhadabigimpactduringthelast10years. ThroughouttheHandbook,wenoticethatstructure–propertyrelationshipsarenowunderstoodand havebeendeveloped formanyofthepolymers.These properties span theredox, interfacial, electrical, andopticalphenomenathatareuniquetothisclassofmaterials. Duringthelast10years,wehavewitnessedfascinatingdevelopmentsofawiderangeofcommercial applications,inparticular,inoptoelectronicdevices.Importantly,anumberofpolymersandcomposi- tionshavebeenmadeavailablebytheproducersforproductdevelopment.Thishashelpedtodrivethe applicationsdevelopmentstomarketableproducts. While conductivity, nonlinear optics, and light emission continue to be important properties for investigationandhaveundergonesignificantdevelopmentsasdiscussedthroughouttheHandbook,the advancesinsemiconductingelectronics,memorymaterials,photovoltaics(solarcells),andapplications directedtobiomedicineareemergingasfuturegrowthareas. As we have assembled this edition, it has become clear that the field has reached a new level of maturity. Nevertheless, with the vast repertoire of synthetic chemistry at our disposal to create new structures with new, and perhaps unpredictable properties, we can expect exciting discoveries to continueinthisdynamicfield. Terje A.Skotheim Tucson, Arizona John R. Reynolds Gainesville, Florida TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page viii 17.11.2006 11:17am TerjeA.Skotheim/ConjugatedPolymers:Theory,Synthesis,Properties,andCharacterization 43587_C000 FinalProof page ix 17.11.2006 11:17am Editors TerjeA.SkotheimisthefounderandchiefexecutiveofIntex,aTucson,Arizonatechnologycompany. Dr.Skotheimisanexperienceddeveloperofseveraltechnologies,aseasonedexecutive,andasuccessful founder of several startup companies in the United States, Norway, and Russia. His research interests over more than 25 years span several disciplines in materials science and applications, including electroactiveand conjugated polymers,molecularelectronicmaterials, solid-state ionconductors, new electronic nanoamorphous carbon- and diamond-like carbon materials, and thin-film and surface science. He has pursued a wide range of technology applications of advanced materials in OLEDs, biosensors, lithium batteries, photovoltaic cells, and MEMS devices. He has held research positions in France,Sweden,andNorwayinadditiontotheUnitedStatesandwasheadoftheconductingpolymer groupatBrookhavenNationalLaboratorybeforelaunchinghiscareerasanentrepreneur. Skotheim received his B.S. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute Technology and Ph.D. in physicsfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley(1979).Heistheeditor=coeditoroftheHandbook ofConducting Polymers(firstandsecondeditions, MarcelDekker)and ElectroresponsiveMolecularand PolymericSystems(MarcelDekker),theauthorofmorethan300publicationsandmorethan70patents. [email protected]. John R. Reynolds is a professor of chemistry at the University of Florida with expertise in polymer chemistry.HeservesasanassociatedirectorfortheCenterforMacromolecularScienceandEngineer- ing. Hisresearchinterests have involvedelectricallyconducting and electroactive-conjugated polymers for over 25 years with work focused on the development of new polymers by manipulating their fundamental organic structure in order to control their optoelectronic and redox properties. His group has been heavily involved in the areas developing new polyheterocycles, visible, and infrared (IR) light electrochromism, along with light emission from polymer and composite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (both visible and near-IR) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Further workisdirectedtousingorganicpolymersandoligomersinphotovoltaiccells. ReynoldsobtainedhisM.S.(1982)andPh.D.(1984)degreesinpolymerscienceandengineeringfrom the University of Massachusetts. He has published more than 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers and served as coeditor of the Handbook of Conducting Polymers that was published in 1998. He can be [email protected]fl.eduorseehttp:==www.chem.ufl.edu=(cid:1)reynolds=.
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