Page i Confucian Ethics of the Axial Age Page ii SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture Edited by David L. Hall and Roger T. Ames Page iii Confucian Ethics of the Axial Age A Reconstruction under the Aspect of the Breakthrough toward Postconventional Thinking HEINER ROETZ STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS Page iv Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1993 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246 Production by Cathleen Collins Marketing by Dana Yanulavich Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Roetz, Heiner, 1950– Confucian ethics of the axial age : a reconstruction under the aspect of the breakthrough toward postconventional thinking / Heiner Roetz. p. cm.—(SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0791416496.—ISBN 079141650X (pbk.) 1. Confucian ethics—History. I. Title. II. Series. BJ117.R64 1993 170'.931—dc20 9239938 CIP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Page v Humaneness is a knot to link the citizen of Paris with the citizen of Peking Paul Thiry d'Holbach Page vii Contents Preface xi Conventions xiii 1 1 The Topicality of the Classical Moral Philosophy of China 2 7 Topics of the Western Reception of Chinese Ethics A. Thought Form 10 B. Language 11 C. Socioeconomical and Political Conditions 17 D. Religion 19 3 23 Methodological Considerations: A Universalistic Heuristic of Enlightenment A. Jaspers' Theory of the "Axial Age" 24 B. Kohlberg's CognitiveDevelopmental Theory 26 4 33 The Heritage of the PreConfucian Epoch A. Political and Social Changes 33 B. The Early Check upon Familism 34 C. The Expectation of Political Reciprocity 35 D. The Influence of Law and the Discovery of the Mental Attitude in 36 Jurisdiction E. The Religion of Heaven 39 F. The Idea of Ecumene 39 G. The Discovery of the Ego 40 5 43 The Background of the Emergence of Chinese Moral Philosophy: The Dissolution of Conventional Morality in the Mirror of the Lunyu 6 53 The Family and the Virtue of Filial Piety A. Filial Piety as Care 53 Page viii B. Filial Piety as Obedience to Parents and Superiors 54 C. The Limits of Obedience: Filial Piety as Moral Vigilance 56 7 67 The State A. The Theory: The Legitimation of the State 67 B. The Practice: Between Loyalty and Noncompliance 79 8 93 The Conflict between Family and State and the Problem of Tragedy 9 101 The Search for Postconventional Norms and Principles A. The Dao and the One 101 B. Friendship 103 C. Meaure, Mean, and Harmony 106 D. Justice 119 10 119 Humaneness (ren) A. The Position of Humaneness (ren) in the System of the Lunyu and Its 119 Relation to Propriety (li) B. The Concept of "Man" 123 C. Humaneness as a Feeling: Love, Family Love, and Compassion 126 D. Humaneness as Respect for the Other 131 E. The Golden Rule: Forms and Problems 133 11 149 The Moral Person A. Competence of Decision 151 B. Autonomy of Judgment 159 C. Selfrespect and Selfstrengthening 160 D. Selfexamination, Motivation, and Conscience 165 E. Autonomy of Action 172 F. Negative Sanctions: Punishment, Guilt, Shame, and Disgrace 174 G. The Reward of Virtue: Fame and Reputation versus Inner Happiness 181 12 185 The Problem of Responsibility 13 193 Groundings of Morals A. The Role of Religion 194 B. Mengzi's Nativism 197 C. Xunzi's Rationalism 213 D. Cosmology 226 14 233 The NonConfucian Schools A. Mo Di's Utilitarianism 234 B. Yang Zhu's Hedonism 243 Page ix C. Daoist Naturalism 247 D. Legalism: Law and Order 257 15 265 Conclusion and Prospect Endnotes 281 Bibliography 343 Index 363 Page xi Preface Confucian Ethics of the Axial Age is based on my book Die chinesische Ethik der Achsenzeit published by Suhrkamp in May 1992. The English edition is not just a replica of the German original. During the translation, I took the opportunity to revise the whole text, make a lot of amendments, and take into account some important new publications which appeared in the meantime. When working on the English edition, I also had to be aware of the difference it makes to address a German or an Englishspeaking audience. Western Chinese studies take part in common discourses, and the similarities and divergences of opinions run through the various national traditions. Nevertheless, there are also different historical developments and philosophical habits which leave their marks on the respective receptions of China and her ethics, entailing different preoccupations, interpretations, and evaluations. In the given case, there is not only the analytic AngloSaxon heritage. There is also a conspicuous pragmatic tendency in American sinology especially, concerned with "knowing how" as against "knowing that," to use Ryle's terms, which forms a contrast to the HegelianWeberian influence still rather prevalent in German analyses. Important exceptions on both sides only prove the rule. Yet, despite their marked divergences, both outlooks have more in common than they appear to have. They show a peculiar complementarity in their neglect of what I will describe as the "postconventional'' strain of Chinese moral philosophy, and it is revealing to view one tendency in the light of the other. In my discussion of Chinese ethics, then, I will at the same time enter into some topical problems of Western sinology. Perhaps this may promote the transcontinental encounter of opinions. The general aim of this study is to give a reconstruction of the ethics of the Chinese "axial age" (c. 600–200 B.C.), especially of the early Confucian school. Instead of providing a chronological presentation of the different thinkers, as is usually found in the wellknown histories of Chinese thought, it discusses the moral thinking of ancient China under systematical aspects. Based on a phylogenetic adaptation of Lawrence Kohlberg's cognitivedevelopmental theory, the re