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Conflict Resolution in Multicultural Societies Conflict Resolution in Multicultural Societies T H E I N D I A N E X P E R I E N C E Jhumpa Mukherjee Copyright © Jhumpa Mukherjee, 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2014 by SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044, India www.sagepub.in SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, United Kingdom SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Published by Vivek Mehra for SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, typeset in 10/13 pts Berkeley by Diligent Typesetter, Delhi, and printed at Sai Print-o-Pack, New Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mukherjee, Jhumpa. Conflict resolution in multicultural societies : the Indian experience / Jhumpa Mukherjee. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Minorities—India. 2. Decentralization in government—India. 3. Conflict resolution—India. 4. Ethnic conflict—India. 5. Multiculturalism—India. 6. India—Ethnic relations. I. Title. JQ220.M5M84 303.6’90954—dc23 2014 2014026924 ISBN: 978-93-515-0033-9 (HB) The SAGE Team: R udra Narayan, Neha Sharma, Nand Kumar Jha and Rajinder Kaur For Maa and Baba Thank you for choosing a SAGE product! If you have any comment, observation or feedback, I would like to personally hear from you. Please write to me at [email protected] —Vivek Mehra, Managing Director and CEO, SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi Bulk Sales SAGE India offers special discounts for purchase of books in bulk. We also make available special imprints and excerpts from our books on demand. For orders and enquiries, write to us at Marketing Department SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B1/I-1, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, Post Bag 7 New Delhi 110044, India E-mail us at [email protected] Get to know more about SAGE, be invited to SAGE events, get on our mailing list. Write today to [email protected] This book is also available as an e-book. (cid:90)(cid:89) Contents List of Abbreviations ix Foreword by Dr Harihar Bhattacharyya xi Preface xiii Introduction xv 1 Contextualizing Multicultural Decentralization 1 2 The Indian Constitution: Institutional Arrangements for Accommodation of Diversity 14 3 Linguistic Reorganization in Colonial and Postcolonial India: Ideas, Rationale, and Principles 31 4 Language and State Formation in India 54 5 Northeast Tribes and Politico-cultural Decentralization 77 6 Subregionalism and Decentralization 115 7 Conclusion: The Way Forward 134 Bibliography 144 Index 160 About the Author 165 List of Abbreviations AASU All Assam Students Union AAGSP All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad ABSU All Bodo Students Union ADC Autonomous District Council AGP Asom Gana Parishad APHLC All Party Hills Leader Conference BAC Bodoland Autonomous Council BPAC Bodo Peoples’ Action Committee BTAD Bodoland Territorial Area District BTC Bodoland Territorial Council CAD Constituent Assembly Debates CEM Chief Executive Magistrate CPI Communist Party of India DMK Dravidar Munnetra Kazhagam EITU Eastern India Union GMP Gana Mukti Parishad GNLF Gorkha National Liberation Front INC Indian National Congress JMS Jana Mongal Samity JVP Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhabhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya KNA Kuki National Assembly MNF Mizo National Front MNFF Mizo National Famine Front MOS Memorandum of Settlement NEFA North East Frontier Agency NNC Naga National Council