conept note

28 Pages·2017·0.73 MB·English

Language: English
Original: English

PROJECT: THE ZIMBABWE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (AVCP)

COUNTRY: ZIMBABWE

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN SUMMARY
Date: June2018

Team Leader/Task
Damian IHEDIOHA Chief Agro-Industry Officer AHAI.1 2212
Manager
Co - Task Manager Meng Jean-Marie Principal Economist RDGS 3968
Rebecca Dadzie Agribusiness Officer (YPP) AHAI.1 1726
BouchaibBoulanouar Chief Livestock Officer AHAI.2 2721
Principal Sanitation &
Boniface Aleobua RDGS 6953
Infrastructure Engineer
Task Team
Anne Mukudi Senior Gender Officer RDGS 8471
Members
Team Agriculture Value Chain
William Zirebwa
Expert, Consultant
Environmentalist,
Emmanuel Nzegbule
Consultant
Sector
Ken JOHM AHAI.1 2375
Manager/OIC
Country Manager Damoni KITABIRE COZW 7030
Sector Director Martin FREGENE AHAI 5586
Deputy Regional
Josephine NGURE RDGS 8501
Director

LOULSEGED Mekonnen RDGE 8334
Peer
Revie NYAMBE Monde AHFR 5791
wers
MIRITI Linet RDGS 2358
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
SUMMARY

Project Name: THE ZIMBABWE AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN
DEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME (AVCP)

Country : ZIMBABWE

Environment and Social Categorization: II

Project Code : P-ZW-AA0-017

1. Introduction
Zimbabwe is an agrarian country, with over 80% of the population depending on agriculture for
their livelihoods and over 70% of the population living in rural areas and majority of thembeing
women. The sector produces various commodities which contribute to agricultural GDP as
follows: maize 14%, tobacco 25%, cotton 12.5%, sugar and horticulture 7%, beef and fish 10%,
at least 24% is devoted to the rest of livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and ostrich
etc.), 0.5% is accounted by subsistence crops. Of these commodities, tobacco, cotton, sugar,
horticulture, tea, and bananas accounts for most exports. There are two sets of production
systems in Zimbabwe namely: the communal farming system and commercial system. The
major hubs for production of fruits and vegetables in Zimbabwe are Mondera, Masvingo,
Gweru, Chipinge, Chimanimani Honde valley, Kariba, Shamva, Cashel valley, Chegutu, Harare
and Beitbridge. Citrus production in Zimbabwe is carried out traditionally in the cooler highland
areas of Mazowe Valley in northern Zimbabwe and the hotter, drier, lower lying areas of the
BeitBridge District in the south of the country (Manzungu 2012). Cattle production is majorly in
Bulawayo, Marondera, Masvingo, Chinhoyi and Kadoma (Tavirimirwa et al, 2013). Agriculture
which was the main anchor of Zimbabwe economy is now a shadow of its past with
productivity from crop and livestock husbandry dropping very low. The major beef
conglomerate called Cold Storage Company (CSC) which was pivotal to the dominance of
Zimbabwe in the beef subsector in the past, functions today atless than 10% capacity
utilization level.

The Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimASSET) (October
2013- December 2018) serves as the nation’s economic development blueprint and the basis
on which all Government policies, programmes and projects are formulated. The ZimASSET
Vision is “towards an empowered society and a growing economy”, and the Mission is “to
provide an enabling environment for sustainable economic development and social
transformation to the people of Zimbabwe”. The economic blueprint is anchored on
indigenization, empowerment and employment creation, largely propelledby the judicious
exploitation of the country’s abundant human and natural resources. ZIMASSET expects the
agricultural sector to play a key role in contributing to economic growth, increasing exports,
and reduction of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity.

At the instance of the Government of Zimbabwe, the AfDB undertook missions to support the
Agricultural Value Chain by first commissioning a study to AVCZ analysis. The analysis identified
two agricultural corridors, namely (i) Plumtree – Harare – Forbes Border Post (Mutare)
corridor, and (ii) Beitbridge – Harare – Chirundu corridor to support inclusive growth, increased
export trade and improved access to various market segments, regional, local and
international.
In line with the requirements of the AfDB’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS), an
Environmental and Social Management Framework has been designed for the project. The
following discussions present a summary of the project description, identified impacts,
mitigations measures and applicable institutional arrangements.

Fig1: Map of Zimbabwe showing the Locations of AVCP

2. Brief Description and Key Components
The analysis by Technoserve (2018) highlighted constraining factors to Zimbabwe agriculture to
include: (i) Shortage of inputs (like fertilizers and lack of certified seedlings); (ii)Poor
infrastructure like dilapidated irrigation schemes, (iii) adverse environmental conditions
occasioned by drought and climate change, rampancy of plant and animal diseases and pest;
(iv) lack of finance due to high interest rates, liquidity and collapse agricultural finance scheme,
poor access to markets and (vi) dearth of human capital and weak institution/policy caused by
emigration of skilled labour and inadequate training of farmers.AVCP will focus to address
these challenges. In agreement with the Government of Zimbabwe, the project will consist of
three components namely, (i) Horticulture development (ii) Beef development, and (iii) Project
Management. Figure 1 above indicates the approximate locations of the AVCP project sites.
2.1 Component 1: BEEF DEVELOPMENT
The Zimbabwe AVCP will be intervening in the beef sub-sector focusing largely on resuscitation
of CSC and the cattle out-grower scheme and pasture development.
2.1.1: Development of Livestock Pastures – Wilsgrove
The production and productivity will be improved in the beef sector through development of
livestock pasture (feedlots). AVCP will intervene in the sub-sector by rehabilitating water
storage and reticulation system; strengthening bio-security structure, and removing existing
vegetation and replacing with improved grass varieties to revive the feedlots.
2.1.2: Cattle Restocking Program
AVCP will re-stock CSC and its out-growers with improved breed stocks for bulls and heifer; and
revive the cattle finance scheme in order to increase the number of out growers and
resuscitate the abattoirs. It will seek to replace the less productive breeds.
2.2 Component 2: Horticulture Value Chain.
Horticulture is a low hanging investment opportunity in Zimbabwe. The sector is growing at a
rate of 30% per annum over the last decade (Technoserve, 2018). The government is targeting
exports worth $200m from the horticulture sector by 2020. The horticulture sector is
considered strategic in terms of high employment opportunities, particularly for women, who
tend to be the most under-privileged in Zimbabwe. The specific activities in horticulture
subsector will include:
2.2.1 Development of a certified citrus nursery in Beitbridge
Specific activities that will be carried out to realize this will include; developing certified central
nurseries to improve availability certified seedlings and enhance yield. This initiative will also
reduce risk of pest and diseases. After nursing the seedlings, they will be disseminated to
registered growers to plant up new or rehabilitate existing plantations of citrus.
2.2.2 Citrus exports from smallholder farmers and large scaleout-growers
AVCP will improve citrus productivity by rehabilitating/constructing packhouses which will
improve standard of production/processing and have a demand driven production system. The
existing irrigation schemes incitrus production system will be rehabilitated or expanded in
order to extend the growing seasons by farmers and obtain premium price for their crops.
Goods will be processed to meet standards for competitive market. In some farms, solar
energy will be introduced to reduce production cost and improve efficiency.
2.2.3: Establishment of fresh produce exports from outgrowers
Farmers growing berry, chilli, tomato, flowers etc. will be supported through rehabilitation of
irrigation facilities; rehabilitation and development of packhouses which will improve
standard of production. They will also be supported through provision of inputs to enhance
productivity.
2.3 Component 3: Technical Assistance and Project Management
2.3.1 Capacity Building
AVCP intends to build capacity of major stakeholders through long term and short term
technical assistances for the development of operational mechanisms, products and
instruments, monitoring and reporting protocols for the agriculture portfolio. Specifically
technical assistance will be provided in the following areas: Re-establishment of a
Horticultural Promotion Body; Facilitation of BASIS, FACTS and IPM training for Agronomist;
Facilitation of food safety, QMS, HACCP and Production trainings for Packhouses;
Development of quality and Food safety Systems to ensure Standards compliance; Animal
Husbandry training

2.3.2 Project Coordination
The main Executing Agency of Zimbabwe AVCP is the Ministry of Land, Agriculture and Rural
Resettlement (MLARR) and will work with other government institutions, notably the
Environmental Management Agency (EMA) for the actualization of AVCP. A Project Steering
Committee (PSC) to be chaired by the Permanent Secretary, MLARR will be established to act
as policy organ and also oversee implementation of the Project. Also a National Project
Management Team (PMT) will be constituted.

3 Major Environmental, Social Impacts & Climate Change Risks
The project has been classified as Environment Category 2 according to the Bank’s
Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP), which implies that the potential
negative environmental and social impacts can be mitigated/managed with the application of
measures specified in ESMPs. Majority of the physical works will only involve rehabilitation of
existing facilities which are limited in scope and will not likely induce any potential, significant
or irreversible environmental and social impacts. This ESMP summary was developed in June
2018 for AVCP to proffer mitigation measures for likely negative impacts while enhancing its
positive impacts and ensure implementation monitoring. The proposedAVCP activities which
will bring several positive environmental and social benefits include: cattle re-stocking and
pasture development, citrus nursery development, promoting production and export of citrus
and other valued horticulture crops.The proposed AVCP activities are designed with climate-
resilience to facilitate adaptation and sustainability along the Beef and Horticulture value
chains by applying Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) activities targeted to manage climatic risks.

3.1 Expected Positive Impacts
3.1.1 Increase Availability of Improved Citrus Seedlings: The problem of lack of certified
seeds experienced by horticulture farmers will be resolved by the development of
central nurseries. These nurseries will supply seedlings which will improve yield and
create avenue for employment of youths and women of Zimbabwe

3.1.2 Create Job opportunities: Expectedly, these feedlots will be an avenue to employ both
women and youths and increase the income of many cattle farmers.

3.1.3 Improve Skill Capacity and Competences :Trainings will be carried on improved food
safety and environmental performance such as QMS and HACCP trainings for workers in
Packhouses and other personnel. The capacity of the livestock and Veterinary service
institutions will be built through the project. This will increase beef processing capacity in CSC,
boost competences of personnel and create entrepreneurial skills.

3.1.4 Reduction in Handling Cost and Improved profit: Rehabilitation of produce handling
centres and packaging houses are expected to bring about shared and reduced freight cost
among farmers in the subsector and increase their profit. Recycling of bye-products will be
enabled by the packaging industries and profit margin will be increased.

3.1.5 Increase Productivity and Profit: Rehabilitation of irrigation schemes will increase
productivity of citrus orchards, promote off-season cropping and venturing into premium
crops. Production will be increased in horticulture and cattle feedlot through rehabilitation of
irrigation scheme and it will provide employment opportunities as well. The development of
the livestock pastures will increase the productivity of cattle and make availability of fodder all
year round. Introduced improved breeds of cattle will enhance beef production and promote
nutrition security.

3.1.6 Availability of Regular Energy Supply: The provision of solar energy source will produce
many primary and secondary benefits including allowing regular irrigation operations,
improving post harvest storage systems and making life easier for women and their
households.
3.1.7 Reduction of Plant and Animal Diseases
Improved cattle breeds will reduce susceptibility to foot and mouth disease (FMD) and other
diseases of cattle. They will impact positively by minimizing spread of diseases and the
destructive effect of grazing on the vegetation outside the ranches. Improved seedlings from
nurseries will minimize the chances of introducing alien diseases and pests into the country.

3.1.8 Reduction of Vulnerability to Climate Change: Development of efficient irrigation
schemes will provide avenue for local farmers to reduce dependence on rainfall and create
opportunity to have more than one growing season in a year. The introduction of Climate
Smart Agriculture in the horticulture sector will also reduce the impact of climate change.
3.1.9 Improved Water Supply: With the provision and rehabilitation of irrigation facilities
farmers will have access to water for agricultural production, which will help them counter the
problems of frequent dry periods, hence avoiding the cyclical impacts of droughts. In addition,
the rehabilitation measures are expected to improve the efficiency of water diversion,
conveyance and application and thus reduce water wasting.

3.2 Expected Negative Environmental Impacts
The negative impacts to the environment are spread through construction and operational
phases of the project activities.
3.2.1 Impact on vegetation: The rehabilitation/construction of citrus nursery shades and
handling centres as well as planting of new grass on cattle feedlots will be preceded with
clearing of existing vegetation at the specific sites of choice. Also replacement of broken fences
for the feedlots and animal pens will involve use of wooden stakes/poles derived from cutting
trees in the forest. These activities will encourage deforestation and could trigger loss of
biodiversity.

3.2.2 Pollution arising from Intensive use of Agrochemicals: Activities such as
maintenance of certified nurseries, protection of farm lands/plantations against pest and
disease and control of weeds in feedlot will intensify use of fertilizers and pesticides. These
chemicals are capable of retaining residues in the environment causing pollution of the soil
and nearby water sources.

3.2.3 Impacts on Water Resources, Hydrology and Downstream Users: Operations of
irrigation schemes may change the flow regime of a river or ground water table in the irrigated
fields. The consumptive nature of irrigation means reduced discharges downstream of the
irrigation schemes, which may affect some beneficiaries. Poor management of the operations
at the scheme may lower or raise the water table. Poor water distribution systems and poor
main system management may affect the crops within the scheme especially if they are of low
crop water requirement
3.2.4 Occupational health and safety risks: The use of agrochemicals and other
chemicals in washing particularly in packhouses and packaging industries may result in
accidental spills on the skin or eyes of the workers which could endanger lives of workers.

3.2.5 Pollution of from Effluent Discharges from Packhouses and Abattoirs: There will liquid
wastes generated from industries such as packhouses and abattoirs. These effluents contain
harmful chemical substances and high organic materials which can be discharged into water
bodies thereby polluting and encouraging eutrophication. Aquatic biodiversity will be
affected when high chlorinated water used in washing food items in packhouses are
discharged into water bodies.

3.2.6 Pollution of from Solid Wastes:Construction activities will result in the creation of
various solid wastes, including surplus earth and rock(soil debris), metal scraps,
plastics.Unmanaged disposal of spoilcan result in sterilization of productive land and the
creation of on-going erosion, sedimentation ordrainage problems. The operations of
packhouses will also generate solid wastes. When solid wastes are mismanaged they can
cause public nuisance due to littering or smell from decomposition and become breeding
grounds for rodents and cockroaches.

3.2.7 Flooding may occur as a result of poor irrigation practice: Flooding of cropped areas
is often a danger in irrigation system which can cause crop losses, incidence of diseases

3.2.8 Air (dust and foul smell) and noise pollution: The operation of the agro-industries such
packaging companies and abattoirs and during their rehabilitation/construction could generate
noise and foul smell which will discomfort people and wildlife within the vicinity. Air quality
may also be affected through emissions from internal combustion engines of construction
vehicles. This comprise of gases–such as carbon monoxide, methane, and oxides of nitrogen,
sulphur and particulates-that can contribute to global warming, and cause adverse health
effects when present in large quantities. Dust will be generated during the construction of
packhouses, clearing vegetation for planting of grasses and reduced visibility. The dust and the
fumes when inhaled could lead to adverse effects to residents, especially to young children.

3.2.9 Production of GHG from the animal wastes: Some activities planned for the beef
industry will encourage growth in cattle population and faecal production. Animal dung is one
of the agricultural sources of methane gas (GHG), CO and hydrogen sulphide and these are
2
capable of increasing global warming.

3.2.10 Soil Compaction and Erosion: The use of heavy machineries and increased traffic during
the construction work within the project sites is likely to lead to compaction of the soil
structure which may lead to reduced and increased run-off and soil erosion. Soil erosion will
result in degradation of the land, loss of fertile soil, siltation and pollution of water as a result
of silt accumulation.
3.2.11 Spread of infectious and vector borne disease: A lot of the activities will be dealing with
living plant and animal organisms or parts and waste materials which are easily predisposed to
infection or attract vectors of diseases. The possibility huge health challenge such as the foot
and mouth disease of cow is of concern. Where improper sanitary conditions are allowed in
packhouses and handling centers, it can create serious public health concern in the
horticulture and beef production.

3.3 Expected Negative Social Impacts
3.3.1 Strain on Existing Social Infrastructure: The operations of packhouses and resuscitation
of CSS will bring about Influx of population which will strain the already existing weak resource
base, health and educational facilities due to increased demand for social services such as
water, health care and schools.
3.3.2 Incessant Traffic: The construction/rehabilitation and operations of packhouses, the
improved operational capacity of the CSC and the operation of nurseries will increase traffic
flows that may cause congestion and are capable of causing disruption, health and safety
impacts, as well as economic impacts. The use of heavy moving construction vehicles and
machineries in project sites is generally known to cause traffic; reducing movement and flow of
vehicles.
3.2.3 Public Health(HIV/AIDS): The prevalence of HIV/AIDS, for instance, could increase due
to the free-flow and high influx of people (Workers during construction may hire prostitutes). It
is expected that the enhanced trade and employment activities due to the project
intervention, will result in increased social interactions and subsequently lead to increased
infections.In addition, the irrigation systems may create favorable habitats and increased
accumulation of water, which may have several negative impacts such as water-borne diseases
(typhoid, cholera, etc) and also result in accidental deaths through drowning of people and
livestock in reserviors.
3.4 Gender and Social Analysis
3.4.1 Socio-Economic Aspects
A number of socio-economic indices will be positively affected by the AVCP activities. Key
among them are poverty reduction, nutrition security, employment, and economy. Activities
such as establishment of certified nurseries, revival of packhouse, revamping of the CSC and
feedlots and out-growers scheme are going to create employment opportunities and improve
livelihood and reduce poverty level significantly. The rehabilitation of irrigation schemes will
improve water supply to the communities, increase agricultural production and yield and also
improve sanitation. The beef industry will improve availability of dairy and meat products
thereby improving nutritional security. Household income will be improved by the project.

3.4.2 Gender and youth Aspects
Women and youth access to natural resources and finance in Zimbabwe is poor, making them
vulnerable in this period of economic contraction and climate change. The National Gender
Policy (NGP) launched in 2017 to guide mainstreaming gender issues and provide strategy
confirms the Government unequivocal commitment to take actions that will bring about more
equal gender relations. NGP identifies several areas of action to promote gender equality that
includes awareness campaigns on gender issues for different communities. The Ministry of
Women Affairsis helping other Government departments in mainstreaming gender and social
inclusion issues into their investment plans.Gender issues were observed regarding access to,
ownership and decision making regarding land continue to show the women and youth in a
vulnerable position. The government of Zimbabwe has reform programmes on communal
ownership of land where women will benefit greatly. Customary land is also largely under the
custody of male elders. As a result, it is difficult for resource poor men, women and youth to
make key decisions or establish long-term agricultural investments including conservation
activities. The AVCP will involve women in decision-making and active participation in the
project from design to implementation. The project is targeting small holder farmers in
horticulture and beef value chain from communities (where many rural women belong),
cooperatives and communal farmers to be beneficiaries in the project.

3.5 PotentialCumulative Impacts
AVCP activities are not likely to contribute to cumulative impacts in the project areas. The
project is making provision for mitigation actions to prevent and minimize possibility of
cumulative impacts (eg. possible deforestation and water depletion)in the site-specific EIAs
and ESMPs to be developed during the design and implementation stages of the project.
There will be sources of long-term environmental positive impacts contributions from AVCP in
the project areas. Among them are: (i) Adoption of Climate Smart agricultural practices
through improved sustainable land management activities promoted to reduce land
degradation and improve soil fertility; and (ii)Appropriate soil and water conservation
measures to sustain and improve hydrological patterns in the project areas.

3.6 Projected Climate Change Risks
Zimbabwe economy is founded on sectors highly vulnerable to climatic change including
agriculture. According to Zimbabwe Climate Change Response Strategy the country’s annual
surface temperature has warmed by about 0.4C from in the last 100 years and the timing of
rainfall and amount over last 30 years have shown a declining trend and drought occurring
back to back in the same season.Agricultural system in Zimbabwe is affected adversely by
climate change which in part, accounts for classifying AVCP to category 2 according to CSS
rating. The proposed AVCP application of Climate Smart Agriculture activities such as irrigation
will reduce risk of drought, while introduction of improved quality seedlings will reduce risk of
crop failure or cattle breeds in Bulawayo shall increase productivity.Also introduction of solar
energy source (in Shashe)will enhance efficiency while the integration of social inclusiveness
which will promote sustainability.This is in tandem with the Zimbabwe’s Climate Change
Response Strategy which has the goal of to mainstream climate change adaptation
andmitigation strategiesin economic and social development at national and sectoral levels
through multi-stakeholder engagement. Although there may be increased emission of GHG
from intensification of beef production through animal waste, the wastecould be recycled into
organic fertilizerfor more horticulture production. Iteratively, the AVCP will continue reviewing
existing and emerging climate change risks and integrate adaptation measures to address them
in the design.

4 Enhancement and Mitigation Program
Within this extended Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) are
highlighted recommended mitigation measures to correct, minimize or remedy the value chain
specific negative impacts that may be associated with the implementation of AVCP for
Zimbabwe Horticulture and Beef development sub-sectors.
The inclusion of mitigation/enhancement measures satisfies the stipulation of AfDB’s ESAP.
The overall goal of ESMP is to ensure adherence to laws and regulations governing
environmental management in Zimbabwe and to eliminate un-intended effects and ensure
sustainability. Each site specific ESMP shall contain environmental and social monitoring plan
that outlays how to ensure that the mitigation measures are carried out and become effective
as prescribed. Other issues that it should contain are: (i) description of the possible adverse
effects that the ESMP intends to address; (ii) description of planned mitigation measures, and
how they will be implemented; (iii) program for monitoring both positive and negative
environmental and social impacts of the project; (iv) roles and responsibilities for
implementing the ESMP; and (v) It also provides who does what and the anticipated costs. In
this Zimbabwe AVCP, the responsibility of implementing and monitoring the Environmental
and Social Monitoring scheme is with the Ministry of Land Agriculture and Rural Resettlement
and the Environmental Management Agency. In all, the full realization of the goal of ESMP will
depend on the level of awareness, sensitization and ownership of its content.

In order to mitigate impacts associated with construction or rehabilitation activities, the
bidding documents for the award of the contract shall include specification of best
environmental management practices (and by binding the contractor in the contract
documents to ensure that impacts are avoided or minimized.) as well as technical civil
engineering measures. The terms of reference (ToR) of bidding documents for civil works will
clearly state the compliance requirements for environmental and social directives (which will
elaborated in the ESIAs). The Provincial and District Environmental Management Officers in
direct collaboration with Focal Environmental Unit of MLARR will ensure compliance with
environmental laws and requirements during the construction and development work.
With regards to impacts during the operation phase, mitigation measures will be considered in
the overall design of the projects. The level realization of the ESMP will also depend on the
extent of community mobilization through the existing Farmers’ association to raise awareness
on the environmental and social compliance requirements for the project. Education of
farmerson their operational requirements for the implementation of the project activities
through the Agritech officers at district local governments will enhance farmers’ effective
participation in the project and compliance with the project environmental and social
obligations.

Similarly, the concerns of marginalized groups and gender concerns will be mainstreamed in
the project design, specifically on issues of land allocation, cattle re-stocking scheme, access to
finance and extension services as well as climatic shocks. To foster the long-term sustainability
of the project interventions, capacityneeds assessment suggest the importance of training and
strengthening the capacity ofexisting farmers association and water users association on: (i)
sustainable agronomic practices to improve productivity and protect the environment; (ii)
water conservation and management to promote efficient use of agriculture water; (iii)
business development and entrepreneurial skills; and (iv) post harvest and marketing skills.
Specific mitigation measures are detailed below and the summary table following.

4.1 Climate Change Adaptation Measures
Zimbabwe AVCP has integrated into its design climate resilience initiatives asastrategic
response to the impact of climate change in the vulnerable districts of Zimbabwe where the
project will be implemented. Rainfall is the most critical climate component for Zimbabwe as
small changes can affect ecosystems, and all key socio-economic sectors.Some of the climate
hazards indicated in the ZCCRS include drought, flood, changing pattern of rainfall, increasing
temperature.Climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector is recognized as a national
priority, demanding policy direction at the highest level. The Zimbabwe Agricultural Value
Chain Project is well fitted into the developmental Agenda of Zimbabwe since it has integrated
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and sustainable agro-forest-based adaptation and
management practices. Activities are designed with climate-resilience by facilitating adaptation
and sustainability along the Beef and Horticulture value chains through.AVCP has embedded
adaption measures aligned with ZCCRS that includes use of irrigation practices (in Shashe,
marondera and Bulawayo feedlots) high yielding citrus varieties and climate-proof
infrastructures. It also involves capacity building for farmers and district agricultural officers to
make them responsive and able to analyse risks properly.