Concrete Construction: Practical Problems and Solutions PDF
Preview Concrete Construction: Practical Problems and Solutions
Akhtar Surahyo Concrete Construction Practical Problems and Solutions Concrete Construction Akhtar Surahyo Concrete Construction Practical Problems and Solutions Akhtar Surahyo IBI Group Toronto, ON, Canada ISBN 978-3-030-10509-9 ISBN 978-3-030-10510-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10510-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966808 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1st edition: © Oxford University Press 2002 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Dedicated To My Father Mohammad Ahsan Surahyo (Deceased 1971) Foreword to the First Edition Cement concrete is the most abundantly used material in all types of construction, particularly in developing countries, primarily because of the cheap availability of its ingredients, and its versatility of being formed into any practically desired shape to give the intended structure the size, strength, and properties required for its satis- factory performance. Through proper selection of materials and adoption of the correct construction method appropriate for each individual construction project, concrete can be prepared to satisfy all the requirements of strength and performance in any kind of location and environmental conditions. Good concrete is, no doubt, required to achieve this purpose for which standard specifications and procedures are available in many books and manuals of practices. Many engineers and technical staff working on construction sites do not have access to this large volume of literature, besides which they are often unaware of the results of research carried out on this subject in the recent past. Quite often, they are ignorant of the specific problems encountered on construction sites. If not properly handled, these problems can lead to poor quality of construction, and sometimes even failures. Based on his practical experience, Mr. Surahyo has tried to put in one volume, and in a concise form, both the aspects: (a) the properties required of good quality concrete-making materials and, (b) the factors and mistakes that create construction problems on the sites. He has also quoted the relevant British and American stan- dards/specifications with a view to creating awareness among readers about the importance of adherence to these standards, besides improving their knowledge of both the quality of concrete and the correct construction practices. This book is written in simple and easy-to-understand language for the benefit of engineers and technicians employed on construction sites. It will also be useful for engineering and technical students in their subjects of Concrete Technology and Construction Engineering. Professor Emeritus, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A. F. Abbasi, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan vii Preface to the Second Edition The aim of this thorough and comprehensive update of 2002 edition by the author is twofold: addresses concrete technology as well as concrete construction highlight- ing the principal causes of concrete deterioration along with protective measures in the light of Canadian, American, and British standards. Apart from minor changes in the text, many new topics are included explaining various topics in depth with examples and pictures, so that the reader looking for any information about concrete construction should find at one place. The book is designed to provide the reader with advanced, in-depth knowledge of both the theory and practical application of concrete technology to prepare the civil engineering students for a variety of senior roles. The book is equally useful for all those civil engineering professionals who are involved in construction process. Providing references from the highly adopted standards within the construction industry, the book allows the reader to embrace knowledge enabling him to work on site with advanced understanding of concrete construction. The book would also serve as a basic tool of information and knowledge for immigrant professionals. In practice, concrete construction is based on various codes and standards. The book will enable the reader to understand different nomenclature used for the same materials in different parts of the world. For example, in the United States, ASTM-C150 refers various types of cement as Type-I, Type-II, Type-III, Type-IV, and Type-V, whereas in Canada CSA refers differently same type of cements as GU, HE, MS, HS, MH, and LH, and in the United Kingdom, the categories of cements are divided differently in five types based on their composition as per European standard BS EN 197-1-2000, which has replaced most of the British standards. Similarly, types, grades, and sizes of steel reinforcement are also referred differ- ently by ASTM, CAN/CSA, and BS-4449. Additionally, grading requirements for concrete aggregates are also different in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Hence, this book will provide the reader practical information with respect to concrete construction in the light of various standard codes being used in many parts of the world. The book covers the basic information about normal concrete in its first part, about its grades, and about 14 different kinds of modified concretes including poly- ix x Preface to the Second Edition mer concretes, fiber-reinforced concrete, sulfur concrete, and high-performance and ultrahigh-performance concretes. It provides complete information on constituent materials of concrete such as Portland cement, its chemical composition, types of cement used in various countries, blended cements, and special cements including physical properties of Portland cement, such as fineness, setting time, soundness, hydration, and strength with references to ACI, CSA, and BS standards. About 13 admixtures and additives are explained in the book including requirements for the use of curing and mixing water and coarse and fine aggregates including recycled concrete aggregates. The book further highlights the physical properties of con- crete: workability and its methods of measurement, segregation, bleeding, plastic shrinkage, and air entrainment with various methods of measurement. The book also describes the structural properties of the concrete: strength, durability, perme- ability and porosity, shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, creep, and thermal properties of concrete. The information on concrete British and ACI mix design methods with examples is also provided. On the other hand, the second part of the book highlights the principal causes of concrete deterioration along with protective measures, resulting from incorrect selection of constituent materials and poor construction methods such as the use of excess water content, segregation, poor compaction, and inadequate cover to rein- forcement, incorrect placement of steel, inadequate formwork, poor curing, inade- quate mixing, and incorrect placement of construction joints. The book further addresses external factors affecting concrete production such as freezing and thaw- ing, wetting and drying, leaching, abrasion, overloading, settlement, fire resistance, and the type of joints including causes of joint failures. Additionally, the book pro- vides information on chemical attacks such as chloride attack, sulfate attack, car- bonation, alkali-aggregate reaction, and acid attack. The book further explains hot and cold weather effects, corrosion of embedded metals in concrete, and various errors in designing and detailing. A chapter discussing the methods for achieving quality control and ensuring quality assurance in concrete construction is also added. Many new standards have been introduced in this second edition with updating of some old standards. However, still some old standards and references are retained because as per A. M. Neville (Properties of Concrete—Fifth edition), they contrib- ute to knowledge of what is desirable in the understanding of a relevant property. Secondly, the old references contain the development of our knowledge. Additionally, the British standards are being replaced by European standards denoted by BS EN, and this process will be completed up to 2020. Hence, wherever possible, revised BS standards to BS EN are used; otherwise the old BS standards are retained. However, the author has provided information about old BS standard used in this book and its related revised standard at the end of the book under Annexture. Given continuing evolution of standards, for specific use, the reader can refer to the new or revised standards specified in “Bibliography” section provided at the end of each chapter and Annexture, if required. Mississauga, ON Akhtar Surahyo, P. Eng Acknowledgments I would like to recognize with much appreciation my friends, colleagues, and seniors in the Ministry of Housing (Technical Affairs Directorate), State of Bahrain, and particularly my daughter, whose brilliant technical contribution to several fig- ures of this book (continued from the first edition) has served to ensure its quality and integrity. I would also like to record my gratitude to Dr. A. F. Abbasi, Professor Emeritus, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan, for kindly writing the foreword to the first edition of this book and for his guidance and encouragement. I would also like to thank Gour Pado Saha, P.Eng., Quality Control Manager, from the Coco Paving Inc., Toronto, Ontario, who generously donated his time and provided technical review of the complete book including with additional input. I gratefully acknowledge the courtesy extended by the following and others named in the text, who have kindly given permission for the use of the copyright material. ACI—American Concrete Institute CSA Group—Canadian Standards Association Group ASTM International—American Society for Testing and Materials BSI—British Standards Institute PCA—Portland Cement Association CIRIA—Construction Industry Research and Information Association HMSO—Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, UK Tata McGraw-Hill R.S. Means Company Inc. BRE: Building Research Establishment, UK ICC—International Code Council OBC—Ontario Building Code NRC Canada—National Research Council Canada OPSS—Ontario Provincial Standard Specification xi xii Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the reproduction of material from Ontario Provincial Standards for Roads and Public Works and Queen’s Printer for Ontario 2008 (last amended January 2016). The material referred is an unofficial version of the Government of Ontario Legal materials. Extracts from “BS Number & Year” are reproduced with the permission of BSl under license number 2000SK/0472; British Standards can be obtained by post from BS1 Customer Services at the following address: BS1 Customer Services 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, United Kingdom (Tel UK 44 20 8996 7553) Figures-XX and Tables-YY are reproduced from Design of Normal Concrete Mixes, second edition (1997), by permission of Building Research Establishment Ltd, UK. Copies are available from CRC, 151 Rosebery Avenue, London, ECIR 4GB, UK: Tel + 4420 75056622, Fax + 4420 75056606, email [email protected]. co.uk. Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the author/publisher will be pleased to make the neces- sary arrangement at the first opportunity.
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