Concise History of the Middle East

573 Pages·2012·3.77 MB·English

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Concise History
A
of the
Middle East
ninth edition
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A Concise History
of the
M i d d l e E a s t
n i n t h e d i t i o n
Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.
Emeritus, Penn State University
Lawrence Davidson
West Chester University
A MEMBER OF THE PERSEUS BOOKS GROUP
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Copyright © 2010 by Westview Press
Published by Westview Press,
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
Every effort has been made to secure required permissions to use all images,
maps, and other art included in this volume.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
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For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goldschmidt, Arthur, 1938–
A concise history of the Middle East / Arthur Goldschmidt Jr., Lawrence
Davidson.—9th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8133-4388-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Middle East—History. I.
Davidson, Lawrence, 1945–II. Title.
DS62.G64 2009
956—dc22
2009005664
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To the memory of
Agnes Inglis O’Neill
teacher, counselor, friend.
She taught every subject with a spirit of fun
and each pupil in a spirit of love.
And to the memory of
Henry Blumenthal
an inspiring teacher and wise adviser,
and of Humphry Osmond,
modern renaissance man and correspondent extraordinaire.
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Contents
Illustrations xiii
Preface to the Ninth Edition xv
1 Introduction 1
What Is History? 2
Then and Now, There and Here, 4
The Physical Setting, 6
Some Descriptive Geography, 6
Conclusion, 12
2 The Middle East Before Muhammad 13
Persia and Rome, 14
The Arabs, 18
Conclusion, 23
3 The Prophet of Mecca 25
Muhammad’s Early Life, 26
The Emigration (Hijra), 30
AISHABINTABI-BAKR, 36
Assessment, 37
4 What Is Islam? 39
Basic Beliefs, 39
The Five Pillars of Islam, 43
Conclusion, 47
5 The Early Arab Conquests 49
The Succession Issue, 49
The Initial Conquests, 51
The Beginnings of Islamic Government, 53
Dissension in the Umma, 55
vii
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viii Contents
Changes in the Government of Islam, 57
MU’AWIYAIBN-ABI-SUFYAN, 63
Conclusion, 64
6 The High Caliphate 65
Restoration of the Umayyad Order, 67
The Downfall of the Umayyads, 70
The Abbasid Caliphate, 71
MAMUN, 76
The Decline of the Abbasids, 77
Conclusion, 78
7 Shiites and Turks, Crusaders and Mongols 81
Shiite Islam in Power, 82
The Turks, 87
The Crusades, 91
The Mongol Invasion, 95
HULEGUKHAN, 97
Conclusion, 98
8 Islamic Civilization 99
The Rules and Laws of Islam, 100
Development of Jurisprudence, 100
Islamic Society, 106
Intellectual and Cultural Life, 111
Theology, 115
Conclusion, 117
AHMADIBNHANBAL, 118
9 Firearms, Slaves, and Empires 121
The Mamluks, 122
The Mongol Il-Khanids, 126
Gunpowder Technology, 129
The Ottoman Empire, 129
ORHAN, 133
Persia under the Safavids, 142
Conclusion, 146
10 European Interests and Imperialism 147
Ottoman Weakness, 148
THEKOPRULUFAMILYOFVIZIERS, 150
The European Powers and the Eastern Question, 151
Conclusion, 157
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Contents ix
11 Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century 159
Egypt’s Transformation, 161
Westernization of the Ottoman Empire, 165
MUSTAFARESHIDPASHA, 170
Persia under the Qajars, 171
Some Afterthoughts, 173
12 The Rise of Nationalism 177
Egyptian Nationalism, 179
AHMADURABI, 185
Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism, 187
Nationalism in Persia, 191
Conclusion, 194
13 The Roots of Arab Bitterness 197
Arab Nationalism, 197
World War I, 203
FAYSALIBNALHUSAYN, 209
The Postwar Peace Settlement, 210
Conclusion and Summary, 213
14 Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States 215
Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes, 216
MUSTAFAKEMAL(ATATURK), 227
From Persia to Iran, 228
The Rise of Saudi Arabia, 235
Conclusion, 241
15 Egypt and the Fertile Crescent
under European Control 243
Egypt’s Struggle for Independence, 244
The Creation of New States in the Fertile Crescent, 250
Phony Democracy and False Independence, 255
World War II, 261
KINGFARUQ, 262
Postwar Egypt, 263
Egypt’s Era of Political Frustration, 264
Independence for Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, 267
Conclusion, 268
16 The Contest for Palestine 271
Origins, 271
Prefatory Remarks, 273