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CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE Structure and Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials © 2003 by CRC Press LLC CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MATERIALS SCIENCE Structure and Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials Vladimir Novikov CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 4 Thursday, August 8, 2002 11:46 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2003 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0970-0 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 5 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM Preface The present book is a new kind of reference work for university and college students, as well as for self-educated readers with technical and nontechnical backgrounds. It is common knowledge that mastering a specialty requires comprehensive reading of professional literature. My experience of more than 30 years of teaching students, supervising graduates and postgraduates, and consulting to industry con- vinced me that one of the main problems in reading the specialized literature on materials science is a particular kind of language barrier. In fact, the number of terms in the specialized literature is four to five times greater than in the textbooks and other educational aids. However, there appears to be no reference source available to help overcome this difficulty. Another problem, especially for self-educated readers, is establishing interrelations between the phenomena the terms denote. The available reference handbooks, containing mostly the definitions, offer little in the way of help. This book is designed to solve both problems: it bridges the termino- logical gap between the textbooks and professional literature while also affording the reader a coherent idea of structure formation and evolution. Practically all the properties of various present-day materials are to a greater or lesser degree structure-dependent. This is true regarding traditional metallic materials in which, e.g., strength and plasticity are strongly affected by the dislocation density, grain size, number and size of second-phase particles, texture, etc. However, various physical properties of modern crystalline ceramics and semiconductors are also dependent on the presence of impurities and other lattice defects that largely affect the band structure. This is why the terminology on structure constitutes the bulk of the subject matter of this book. It contains about 1400 commonly used terms concerning the description of structure and its development, as well as the characterization of polycrystalline materials. Along with definitions, the majority of terms are accompanied by descriptions, explanations, and cross-references, thus providing a coherent picture of structure formation and evolution. The selection of terms for inclusion in this concise dictionary is based on the author’s vast teaching and research experience. Emphasized are such principal topics as the lattice defects and their role in diffusion, plastic deformation, phase transitions, and distortions of band structure, as well as the granular structure, its formation and alterations in the course of phase transitions, plastic deformation, recrystallization, and grain growth. The terms spec- ifying certain treatments and production procedures (heat and thermo-mechanical treatments, sintering, etc.) are presented in connection with their influence on structure. The terms relating to the modern investigation methods of crystal structure, microstructure, and local chemical composition are also included. In addition, certain crystallographic, thermodynamic, mechanical, and metallurgical terms used in structure description are found in the dictionary. The book also contains a list of acronyms popular in materials science. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 6 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM The second part of this book, the English–German/German–English glossary, comprises the same entries as the concise dictionary. The glossary will meet the needs of a large number of readers working and studying in German-speaking countries, and the German–English section can be of value to English-speaking readers because many basic publications on materials science originally appeared in German. The combination of a bilingual glossary and a concise dictionary in one handy volume ensures quick access to the key terms and concepts. Undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students studying materials science and engineering at universities and colleges, as well as members of training and refresher courses, will find this book invaluable. At the same time, it will be useful to research and technological personnel in metallurgical and metalworking indus- tries. The book will offer great help to material-oriented physicists, researchers, and engineers developing crystalline materials for electronic applications. Moreover, chemists and engineers involved in microstructure research and the design of crystalline ceramics will discover a great deal of information usually lacking in textbooks, dictionaries, and reference books on ceramics. The concise dictionary is also recommended as a reliable guide to nontechnical readers, such as managers, marketing and purchasing specialists, economists, insur- ance experts, and anyone else interested in materials science and engineering. Vladimir Novikov Hamburg, Germany December 2001 © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 7 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM About the Author Professor DSc Vladimir Yu. Novikov studied materials science and technology at the Moscow Baumann Technical University and obtained his doctoral degree in materials science (1964) and his DSc degree in metal physics (1983) at the Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys (MISA). From 1962 to 1993, he delivered lecture courses on physical metallurgy, materials science, physical properties of metallic alloys, and special steels and alloys at MISA. Many of his former students are successfully working in industry and research in the U.S., Canada, England, Ger- many, and Russia. Over 100 scientific papers by Professor Novikov have been published in refereed journals. He is the author of two monographs: Secondary Recrystallization in Russian (1990) and Grain Growth and Control of Microstructure and Texture in Polycrystalline Materials in English (1996). © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 9 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM Using the Dictionary Unless otherwise specified, the definitions of polysemantic terms given in the concise dictionary relate to materials science only. The terms in the dictionary, in the list of acronyms, and in the glossary are arranged alphabetically on a letter-by-letter basis, ignoring spaces and hyphens. Combined terms are given without inversion. The entries are printed in boldface, and the definitions or equivalents are printed in regular type. The cross-references in the dictionary are italicized. If there are synonyms, the most commonly used one is supplied with a description, followed by references to any others. Asterisks affixed to some German terms in the glossary mean that the term is lacking in the German literature and the German equivalent given is a direct trans- lation from the English. © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 11 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM List of Symbols A energy of exchange interaction A austenite finish temperature f A numerical aperture N A austenite start temperature s B bainite start temperature s C number of components (in Gibbs’ phase rule) D diffusion coefficient (diffusivity) D coefficient of grain-boundary diffusion gb D most probable grain size M D maximum grain size max D minimum grain size min D coefficient of bulk diffusion v D mean grain size E Young’s modulus F Helmholtz free energy number of degrees of freedom (in Gibbs’ phase rule) G linear growth rate shear modulus Gibbs’ free energy H enthalpy activation enthalpy J diffusion flux K constant of magnetic crystalline anisotropy bulk modulus L designation of liquid phase length of dislocation segment in Frank-Read source Lorentz factor M grain-boundary mobility Sachs or Taylor factor M martensite finish temperature f M martensite start temperature s N ASTM grain size number · N nucleation rate N initial number of new phase nuclei 0 N Avogadro number A P number of phases (in Gibbs’ phase rule) Larson–Miller parameter Q released (absorbed) heat activation energy © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 0970_frame_FM Page 12 Saturday, August 2, 2003 6:28 PM Q−1 internal friction R Rodrigues vector R gas constant electrical resistance S entropy long-range order parameter T absolute temperature T equilibrium temperature 0 T ′ equilibrium temperature of metastable phases 0 ∆T undercooling T Curie point/temperature C T glass transition temperature g T melting point m T Néel point/temperature N U internal energy a, b, c lattice constants b Burgers vector c atomic fraction of A atoms A c equilibrium solubility limit e c vacancy concentration v d mean size of second-phase particles d distance between {hkl} planes hkl d resolution limit res f volume fraction of second-phase particles ∆g driving (drag) force h distance between dislocations in low-angle boundary k Boltzmann constant p polarization factor r strain ratio r Lankford coefficient ∆r coefficient of planar anisotropy r dislocation core radius c r critical size of nucleus cr s true stress t time v migration rate m w dislocation width Λ mean interparticle spacing Θ disorientation angle Θ Curie point/temperature C Θ Néel point/temperature N Σ CSL parameter α, β ... designations of phases in phase diagrams α, β, γ axial angles β metastable β-phase in Ti-based alloys m β transformed β structure in Ti-based alloys tr © 2003 by CRC Press LLC