Conceptual Physical Science

890 Pages·2000·55.09 MB·English

by  Paul G. Hewitt

Conceptual
Fifth Edition
Paul G. Hewitt
City College of San Francisco
John Suchocki
Saint Michael’s College
Leslie A. Hewitt
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hewitt, Paul G.
Conceptual physical science / Paul G. Hewitt, John Suchocki, Leslie A. Hewitt. -- 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-321-75334-2
1. Physical sciences--Textbooks. I. Suchocki, John. II. Hewitt, Leslie A. III. Title.
Q158.5.H48 2012
500.2--dc23
2011029644
ISBN-10: 0-321-75334-8; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-75334-2 (Student edition)
ISBN-10: 0-321-77445-0; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77445-3 (Exam copy)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—RRD—16 15 14 13 12 11
To future elementary school teachers who will inspire students
to value science as a way of knowing about
the world and making sense of it.
Brief Contents
PROLOGUE: PART THREE
The Nature of Science 1 Earth Science 519
20 Rocks and Minerals 520
PART ONE
Physics 13 21 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior 555
22 Shaping Earth’s Surface 589
23 Geologic Time—Reading the
1 Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium 14
Rock Record 620
2 Newton’s Laws of Motion 38 24 The Oceans, Atmosphere, and
3 Momentum and Energy 61 Climatic Effects 647
4 Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites 90 25 Driving Forces of Weather 682
5 Fluid Mechanics 119
6 Thermal Energy and
Thermodynamics 145 PART FOUR
7 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 164 Astronomy 707
8 Static and Current Electricity 186
9 Magnetism and Electromagnetic
26 The Solar System 708
Induction 216
27 Stars and Galaxies 738
10 Waves and Sound 238
28 The Structure of Space and Time 768
11 Light 264
PART TWO APPENDICES
Chemistry 293
APPENDIX A:
Linear and Rotational Motion A-1
APPENDIX B:
12 Atoms and the Periodic Table 294
Vectors A-8
13 The Atomic Nucleus and
APPENDIX C:
Radioactivity 321
Exponential Growth and Doubling Time A-12
14 Elements of Chemistry 348
15 How Atoms Bond and Odd-Numbered Solutions S-1
Molecules Attract 367 Glossary G-1
16 Mixtures 396 Photo Credits P-1
Index I-1
17 How Chemicals React 427
18 Two Classes of Chemical Reactions 454
19 Organic Compounds 489
Detailed Contents
PROLOGUE: 2 Newton’s Laws
The Nature of Science 1
of Motion 38
A Brief History of Advances in Science 2
Mathematics and Conceptual Physical Science 2
2.1 Newton’s First Law of Motion 39
Scientific Methods 3
The Moving Earth 40
The Scientific Attitude 3 2.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 41
Science Has Limitations 6 When Acceleration Is g—Free Fall 42
Science, Art, and Religion 7 When Acceleration of Fall Is Less Than g—
Non–Free Fall 44
Technology—The Practical Use of Science 8
2.3 Forces and Interactions 46
The Physical Sciences: Physics, Chemistry,
Earth Science, and Astronomy 9 2.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 47
In Perspective 10 Simple Rule to Identify Action and Reaction 47
Action and Reaction on Different Masses 48
Defining Your System 50
PART ONE 2.5 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws 52
Physics 13
3 Momentum and
Energy 61
1 Patterns of Motion
and Equilibrium 14 3.1 Momentum and Impulse 62
3.2 Impulse Changes Momentum 63
1.1 Aristotle on Motion 15 Case 1: Increasing Momentum 63
1.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia 16 Case 2: Decreasing Momentum Over a Long Time 63
1.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia 17 Case 3: Decreasing Momentum Over a Short Time 65
One Kilogram Weighs 10 N 19 Bouncing 65
1.4 Net Force 19 3.3 Conservation of Momentum 67
1.5 The Equilibrium Rule 21 Collisions 68
1.6 Support Force 22 3.4 Energy and Work 70
1.7 Dynamic Equilibrium 23 Potential Energy 72
1.8 The Force of Friction 23 Kinetic Energy 73
1.9 Speed and Velocity 24 3.5 Work–Energy Theorem 74
Speed 24 Kinetic Energy and Momentum Compared 75
Instantaneous Speed 25 3.6 Conservation of Energy 76
Average Speed 25 3.7 Power 77
Velocity 26 3.8 Machines 78
Motion Is Relative 26 3.9 Efficiency 79
1.10 Acceleration 27 3.10 Sources of Energy 80
vi DETAILED CONTENTS
4 Gravity, Projectiles, 6.4 Quantity of Heat 149
and Satellites 90 6.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics 149
6.6 Entropy 151
4.1 The Universal Law of Gravity 91 6.7 Specific Heat Capacity 151
The Universal Gravitational Constant, G 92 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water 153
4.2 Gravity and Distance: 6.8 Thermal Expansion 154
The Inverse-Square Law 93
6.9 Expansion of Water 156
4.3 Weight and Weightlessness 95
4.4 Universal Gravitation 96
4.5 Projectile Motion 97 7 Heat Transfer and
Projectiles Launched Horizontally 98 Change of Phase 164
Projectiles Launched at an Angle 99
4.6 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites 104 7.1 Conduction 165
4.7 Circular Satellite Orbits 106 7.2 Convection 166
4.8 Elliptical Orbits 107 7.3 Radiation 168
4.9 Escape Speed 109 Emission of Radiant Energy 168
Absorption of Radiant Energy 169
Reflection of Radiant Energy 170
5 Fluid Mechanics 119 7.4 Newton’s Law of Cooling 171
7.5 Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect 172
5.1 Density 120 7.6 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase 174
5.2 Pressure 121 Evaporation 174
Pressure in a Liquid 121 Condensation 175
5.3 Buoyancy in a Liquid 123 7.7 Boiling 176
5.4 Archimedes’ Principle 124 7.8 Melting and Freezing 178
Flotation 125 7.9 Energy and Change of Phase 179
5.5 Pressure in a Gas 127
Boyle’s Law 127
8 Static and
5.6 Atmospheric Pressure 128
Barometers 130 Current Electricity 186
5.7 Pascal’s Principle 132
5.8 Buoyancy in a Gas 133 8.1 Electric Charge 187
5.9 Bernoulli’s Principle 135 Conservation of Charge 188
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle 136 8.2 Coulomb’s Law 189
Charge Polarization 191
8.3 Electric Field 191
6 Thermal Energy and 8.4 Electric Potential 193
Thermodynamics 145 8.5 Voltage Sources 195
8.6 Electric Current 196
6.1 Temperature 146 Direct Current and Alternating Current 198
6.2 Absolute Zero 147 8.7 Electrical Resistance 198
6.3 Heat 148 Superconductors 199
DETAILED CONTENTS vii
8.8 Ohm’s Law 199 10.6 Forced Vibrations and Resonance 246
Electric Shock 200 10.7 Interference 248
8.9 Electric Circuits 202 Beats 250
Series Circuits 202 Standing Waves 250
Parallel Circuits 203 10.8 Doppler Effect 252
Parallel Circuits and Overloading 204 10.9 Bow Waves and the Sonic Boom 253
Safety Fuses 205 10.10 Musical Sounds 255
8.10 Electric Power 206
11 Light 264
9 Magnetism and
11.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 265
Electromagnetic
11.2 Transparent and Opaque Materials 266
Induction 216
11.3 Reflection 269
Law of Reflection 270
9.1 Magnetic Poles 217
Diffuse Reflection 271
9.2 Magnetic Fields 218
11.4 Refraction 272
9.3 Magnetic Domains 219
11.5 Color 275
9.4 Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields 220
Selective Reflection 276
Electromagnets 221
Selective Transmission 276
Superconducting Electromagnets 222
Mixing Colored Lights 277
9.5 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges 222
Complementary Colors 278
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires 223
Mixing Colored Pigments 279
Electric Meters 223
Why the Sky Is Blue 280
Electric Motors 224
Why Sunsets Are Red 280
9.6 Electromagnetic Induction 225
Why Clouds Are White 281
Faraday’s Law 226
11.6 Dispersion 282
9.7 Generators and Alternating Current 228
Rainbows 282
9.8 Power Production 228
11.7 Polarization 284
9.9 The Transformer—
Boosting or Lowering Voltage 229
9.10 Field Induction 230
PART TWO
Chemistry 293
10 Waves and Sound 238
10.1 Vibrations and Waves 239 12 A toms and the
10.2 Wave Motion 240 Periodic Table 294
Wave Speed 240
10.3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 241 12.1 Atoms Are Ancient and Empty 295
10.4 Sound Waves 242 12.2 The Elements 296
Speed of Sound 243 12.3 Protons and Neutrons 297
10.5 Reflection and Refraction of Sound 244 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 298
viii DETAILED CONTENTS
12.4 The Periodic Table 300 15 How Atoms Bond
Periods and Groups 302 and Molecules Attract 367
12.5 Physical and Conceptual Models 305
12.6 Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope 308 15.1 Electron-Dot Structures 368
12.7 The Quantum Hypothesis 309 15.2 The Formation of Ions 369
12.8 Electron Waves 311 Molecules Can Form Ions 371
12.9 The Shell Model 313 15.3 Ionic Bonds 372
15.4 Metallic Bonds 375
15.5 Covalent Bonds 376
15.6 Polar Covalent Bonds 379
13 The Atomic Nucleus
15.7 Molecular Polarity 382
and Radioactivity 321 15.8 Molecular Attractions 385
Ions and Dipoles 386
13.1 Radioactivity 322
Induced Dipoles 387
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays 322
Radiation Dosage 324
Radioactive Tracers 326 16 Mixtures 396
13.2 The Strong Nuclear Force 326
13.3 Half-Life and Transmutation 328 16.1 Most Materials Are Mixtures 397
Natural Transmutation 329 Mixtures Can Be Separated by
Physical Means 398
Artificial Transmutation 331
13.4 Radiometric Dating 332 16.2 The Chemist’s Classification
of Matter 399
13.5 Nuclear Fission 333
16.3 Solutions 401
Nuclear Fission Reactors 336
16.4 Solubility 406
The Breeder Reactor 337
Solubility Changes with Temperature 407
13.6 Mass–Energy Equivalence 338
Solubility of Gases 408
13.7 Nuclear Fusion 340
16.5 Soaps, Detergents, and Hard Water 409
Controlling Fusion 342
Softening Hard Water 411
16.6 Purifying the Water We Drink 413
Desalination 415
Bottled Water 417
14 Elements
16.7 Wastewater Treatment 418
of Chemistry 348
14.1 Chemistry: The Central Science 349
17 How Chemicals
14.2 The Submicroscopic World 350
React 427
14.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 352
14.4 Determining Physical and Chemical
Changes 354 17.1 Chemical Equations 428
14.5 Elements to Compounds 356 17.2 Counting Atoms and Molecules by Mass 430
14.6 Naming Compounds 358 Converting between Grams and Moles 432
14.7 The Advent of Nanotechnology 359 17.3 Reaction Rates 435