Concentrations of trace elements in Pacific and Atlantic salmon

7 Pages·0.159 MB·English

by  Khristoforova N.K., Tsygankov V.Yu., Boyarova M.D., Lukyanova O.N.

ISSN 0001(cid:2)4370, Oceanology, 2015, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 679–685. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2015.
Original Russian Text © N.K. Khristoforova, V.Yu. Tsygankov, M.D. Boyarova, O.N. Lukyanova, 2015, published in Okeanologiya, 2015, Vol.55, No. 5, pp. 751–758.
MARINE CHEMISTRY
Concentrations of Trace Elements in Pacific and Atlantic Salmon
N. K. Khristoforovaa, c, V. Yu. Tsygankova, M. D. Boyarovaa, and O. N. Lukyanovaa, b
aFar Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
bPacific Research Fisheries Centre (TINRO(cid:2)Centre), Vladivostok, Russia
cPacific Geographical Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
e(cid:2)mail: [email protected]
Received December 10, 2013, in final form, October, 1, 2014
Abstract—Concentrations of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu were analyzed in the two most abundant species
of Pacific salmon, chum and pink salmon, caught in the Kuril Islands at the end of July, 2013. The concen(cid:2)
trations of toxic elements (Hg, As, Pb, Cd) in males and females of these species are below the maximum per(cid:2)
missible concentrations for seafood. It was found that farmed filleted Atlantic salmon are dominated by Zn
and Cu, while muscles of wild salmon are dominated by Pb. Observed differences are obviously related to
peculiar environmental geochemical conditions: anthropogenic impact for Atlantic salmon grown in coastal
waters and the influence of the natural factors volcanism and upwelling for wild salmon from the Kuril waters.
DOI: 10.1134/S0001437015050057
INRTODUCTION genus, which includes O. gorbuscha (pink salmon),
O.keta (chum salmon), O. nerka (sockeye salmon),
To reduce cholesterol and high blood pressure, and
O.kisutch (coho salmon), chinook O. tshawytscha
to strength the arterial walls, doctors from many coun(cid:2)
(king salmon), and O. masou (sim salmon).
tries recommend eating fish regularly (weekly) with
high contents of omega(cid:2)3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atlantic or noble salmon occurs on both sides of
These acids occur in significant amounts in oily fish: Atlantic. The Pacific basin also contains several Salmo
herring, mackerel, and salmon. Eating these fishes species, but they are few in number as compared to the
and, correspondingly, omega(cid:2)3 fatty acids (eicosapen(cid:2) Pacific Oncorhynchus genus. The highest catches of
tanoic and docosahexaenic acids) not only decreases the Atlantic salmon (approximately 12 thousands
the risk of cardiovascular disease and endometrial can(cid:2) tons) were observed in the mid(cid:2)1970s. At present, the
cer, but also increases the level of essential trace ele(cid:2) world salmon catch is around 1 thousand tons, and it
ments, primarily potassium and phosphorus, intensi(cid:2) continues to decrease. At the end of the 20th century
fies intellectual and cognitive abilities, and has other and the beginning of the 21st century, wild Atlantic
positive effects [24, 28]. salmon became the object of only scientific research
and sport fishing. At present, over 99% of Atlantic
In spite of the fact that oily fish is a very healthy food,
salmon are in sea cages. The leading producers of
being an important part of a balanced diet, its consump(cid:2)
farmed salmon are Norway (520–550 thousand tones
tion sometimes causes anxiety, which is related to the
of the Atlantic salmon and trout) and Chile (around
bioaccumulation of environmental contaminants
450 thousand tones of Atlantic salmon and trout) [7].
(biphenyl, dioxin, pesticide, and heavy metals) in fish
tissue. Of particular concern are recent reports on the At the same time, 50% of Pacific salmon reproducd
increase of chlorine(cid:2)organic compounds in farmed at natural spawning site, with a quarter spawning in
Atlantic salmon (which causes high cancer risk) as Kamchatka.
compared to wild salmon [20, 22]. Anxiety is also Salmon live in the epipelagial (0–200 m), mainly in
caused by the levels of heavy metals, first of all, mercury its upper layer (0–50 m), i.e., occupy the least inhab(cid:2)
occurring mainly as liposoluble methyl mercury, in ited vertical zone of seas and oceans, namely the upper
salmon, especially in long(cid:2)living large oily fishes. In pelagial. The pascual zone of Pacific salmon in winter
addition to mercury, nonessential and toxic elements is confined to the subarctic or polar front, between 40°
whose concentrations are also frequently analyzed in and 45° N. This zone is characterized by a high biolog(cid:2)
fishes are lead, cadmium, and arsenic [21, 24, 29]. ical and fishery productivity. The increase of the light
Salmon inhabit mainly the northern Pacific and day, warming of the upper layers, and abundant devel(cid:2)
Atlantic oceans, the Arctic Ocean and river basins in opment of plankton in spring leads to the northward
these areas. The Salmonidae family is divided into two and northeastward shift of active life. Salmon follows
groups: Atlantic and Pacific salmon. The best(cid:2)known this feeding band.
representative of Atlantic salmon is Salmo salar. Masu salmon is the only Pacific salmon found
Pacific salmon are dominated by the Onchorhynchus along the Asian coast. This is the oldest Pacific
679
680 KHRISTOFOROVA et al.
salmon, the southernmost and warmest(cid:2)water species and Zn, if they are not supplied in the environment
distributed mainly in the Sea of Japan basin. Chum due to copper–zinc production and application of
and pink salmon are widespread along the both coasts these metals, alloys, and compounds in technique (ore
of the Pacific Ocean: from the Peter the Great Bay and mining, dressing and smelting, and electroplating
San Francisco to the Bering Strait. Sockeye and chi(cid:2) rooms, anticorrosion coatings, etc.), are tracers of
nook are the cold(cid:2)water species, being widely distrib(cid:2) anthropogenic environmental impact. Pb, Cd, and
uted along the American coast. All Pacific salmon Hg, occupying the top locality in the heavy(cid:2)metal
spawn only once during their lifetime, and die after “blacklists” in 1960–1970s owing to their toxic effect
spawning. In contrast, noble Atlantic salmon spawn on organisms, are tracers of technogenic environmen(cid:2)
up to four times [9, 14, 15]. tal effect [11].
The main localities of the Pacific salmon in Rus(cid:2)
sian waters are subdivided into several groups, differ(cid:2)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
ing in species composition, biomass, and the time of
elevated concentrations. In particular, the deep(cid:2)water Data on the content of trace elements in fish are of
areas of the Bering Sea are dominated by chum and great interest not only for the population, but also for
sockeye salmon, whereas deepwater zones of the Sea some branches of industry. In Russian practice, the
of Okhotsk are inhabitated by pink and chum salmon. salmon is practically completely consumed, with mini(cid:2)
The North Kuril straits are the main migration corri(cid:2) mum waste. Therefore, trace elements were analyzed in
dor for the spawning West Kamchatka shoal of sock(cid:2) a whole fish carcass homogenized by grinding. Six
eye, coho, and chinnok salmon, and oceanward(cid:2)mov(cid:2) chum and pink salmon specimens taken for analysis
ing chum and pink salmon fingerling. The Kuril were caught at the end of July, 2013, in the northwestern
waters, and the Sea of Okhotsk as well, are absolutely Pacific, in the vicinity of the Kuril Icelands (46°39′ N,
dominated by chum and pink salmon. The northern 163°38′ E) during the TINRO record expedition.
deep(cid:2)water zones of the Sea of Japan serve as transit All elements, except for Hg, were determined from
areas during their migrations: masu and pink salmon dry forms in homogenates of carcasses and organs after
spawn in April–July; autumn chum spawn in Octo(cid:2) mineralization of samples by concentrated HNO of
3
ber–December, while pink and masu salmon juveniles analytical grade according to GOST 26929(cid:2)94 on a
grow in autumn–winter. In the shelf areas of the seas Shimadzu AA 6800 atomic absorption spectropho(cid:2)
of the Far East seas, significant concentrations of tometer. The accuracy of element determination as
salmon are observed only when they approach spawn(cid:2) well as the possible pollution of samples during analy(cid:2)
ing and during the redistribution of juveniles migrating sis were controlled using four calibration solutions,
down into open waters. This period lasts from June to including background (zero) solution. Statistical pro(cid:2)
September [10]. cessing of data was carried out using standard Excel
Pacific salmon is the widest(cid:2)spread group and very software. Results were recalculated for wet weight.
important for fishery industry. Ninety percent of their The content of Hg was analyzed in frozen (at
catches are provided by three major species: pink ⎯20°C) carcass homogenates after sample mineraliza(cid:2)
salmon, chum, and sockey. Pink salmon is the most tion with addition of hydrogen peroxide. The Hg con(cid:2)
abundant, smallest, and rapidly growing species. In centrations (µg/g) dry weight) were found by inversion
Russian waters, this is the main food fish. Chum is the voltammetry (IV) on a Tomanalyt (TA(cid:2)4) analyzer.
second in abundance. It is more widerly spread than The content of elements in mineralizates (solutions)
other species of this genus. was determined by addition of certified mixtures with
Different salmon species spawn at different ages: known element contents.
chum enters rivers at 3–5 years of life; pink salmon
grows and develops more rapidly than chum, and
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
returns already 18 month after its migration into the sea.
Sockeye lives in the sea from 1 to 5 years (mainly, for 2– The results of fish(cid:2)carcass analysis are presented in
3 years); and chinook, from 1 to 6 years (3–4 years, on Table 1.
average). It is seen that male and female pink salmon with
In this work, we examined the Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, As, similar weights have almost identical element con(cid:2)
and Hg contents in two species of Pacific salmon, pink tents. Weak tendencies to some increase of Zn, Pb,
and chum salmon caught in the Kuril seas, and com(cid:2) and Hg contents are observed in females. All speci(cid:2)
pared obtained data with those for wild salmon and mens of chum salmon are much larger than those of
farmed Atlantic salmon. pink salmon, and have the higher contents of all ana(cid:2)
Among studied elements, Cu and Zn are essential lyzed elements. Among caught fishes, chum females
(necessary) elements, or real bioelements. Cd, Pb, As, were larger than males, and, respectively, contained
and Hg are nonessential elements, but they are ubiqui(cid:2) higher concentrations of all elements, except for Cu,
tously present in organs and tissues of organisms. than males. However, in spite of all variations, the
These elements differ not only in biological signifi(cid:2) concentrations of toxic elements in specimens caught
cance, but also in geoecological characteristics. Cu in the ocean were lower than the Russia’s MPC and
OCEANOLOGY Vol. 55 No. 5 2015
CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC SALMON 681
Table 1. Concentrations of trace elements in Pacific salmon
Analyzed elements, ppm of wet weight
Study object
Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Pink salmon , no. 1. Weight 1458.7 g 2.20 0.11 0.06 0.53 0.93 0.07
Pink salmon , no. 2. Weight 1208 g 2.23 0.12 0.08 0.55 0.95 0.08
Pink salmon , no. 3. Weight 1285 g 2.30 0.13 0.07 0.55 0.88 0.06
Pink salmon , no. 4. Weight 1179 g 2.28 0.12 0.08 0.70 0.80 0.08
Pink salmon , no. 5. Weight 1168 g 2.55 0.11 0.10 0.65 1.03 0.09
Pink salmon , no. 6. Weight 1272.4 g 2.63 0.11 0.07 0.70 0.98 0.09
Chum , no. 1. Weight 1609 g 3.08 0.15 0.09 0.75 1.30 0.12
Chum , no. 2. Weight 1605 g 3.13 0.17 0.12 0.78 1.33 0.14
Chum , no. 3. Weight 1564 g 3.23 0.19 0.11 0.78 1.23 0.11
Chum , no. 4. Weight 1982 g 3.20 0.17 0.12 0.98 1.13 0.14
Chum , no. 5. Weight 1953 g 3.33 0.16 0.14 0.93 1.45 0.15
Chum , no. 6. Weight 1670 g 3.43 0.16 0.11 0.98 1.38 0.15
MPC in Russia: Pb 1.0, As 5.0, Cd 0.2, Hg 0.2 ppm of wet weight (in Canada: Hg 0.5, in USA: Cd 3, Pb 1.5, As 76 ppm of wet weight.
Table 2. Average contents of trace elements in muscles of Pacific salmon (July, 2013)
Study object Analyzed elements, ppm of wet weight
(M ± m, n = 3) Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Pink salmon, 1.24 ± 0.31 0.10 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.02 0.45 ± 0.10 0.89 ± 0.32 0.02 ± 0.01
Pink salmon, 1.33 ± 0.25 0.11 ± 0.05 0.04 ± 0.01 0.55 ± 0.10 0.97 ± 0.42 0.04 ± 0.01
Chum, 1.74 ± 0.40 0.15 ± 0.06 0.05 ± 0.03 0.63 ± 0.15 1.25 ± 0.44 0.06 ± 0.01
Chum, 1.88 ± 0.36 0.16 ± 0.07 0.06 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.10 1.36 ± 0.57 0.08 ± 0.01
even lower than the standards adopted in Canada and centrations in the muscles of pink and chum salmon
United States. (Table 2) from 0.02 to 0.08 ppm practically ideally
coincide with data on wild salmon reported by Easton
Easton et al. [20] reported Hg contents in wild and
et al. [20].
farmed salmon, as well as in commercial salmon pro(cid:2)
duction from Canada (British Columbia) and Alaska According to data (Table 2), the higher concentra(cid:2)
(United States). The range of Hg content in the wild tions of all elements as compared to pink salmon were
and farmed salmon are within 0.025–0.072 mg/kg and found in muscles of chum, which is larger and lives in
0.017–0.042 mg/kg of wet weight, respectively. It is the sea for a longer time than pink salmon. The fact
seen that the Hg contents in our salmon are higher that the concentrations of elements are higher in
(0.06–0.15), but do not reach MPC accepted in Rus(cid:2) salmon specimens that are larger and spend a longer
sia and United States. It should be emphasized that time in sea is long known and again supported by our
foreign authors, following mainly commercial inter(cid:2) studies. As mentioned by Canadian researchers [24],
ests, report data on the content of trace elements in who determined the contents of the elements in fishes
fish fillet. Our data are presented for the whole fish from the coastal waters of British Columbia, the levels
carcass (Table 1). For the correct comparison of our of concentrations in the wild salmon may reflect the
results with data reported in foreign works, we also geographical variations in the environment, and spe(cid:2)
determined the concentrations of elements in the cific differences in biology and ecology of the species.
muscles of the Pacific salmon. The range of Hg con(cid:2) In particular, wild chinook, a large, long(cid:2)lived fish
OCEANOLOGY Vol. 55 No. 5 2015
682 KHRISTOFOROVA et al.
Table 3. Concentrations of trace elements in muscles (fillet) of farmed salmon grown in different countries
Concentration of toxic elements, ppm of wet weight
Country Year Reference
Zn Cu Cd Pb As Hg
Iceland 2004 – – 0.08 0.15 0.80 0.073 [16]
Norway 2002 – – 0.03 0.02 2.33 0.072 [20]
Norway 2003 18.50 1.11 0.00 0.10 0.53 0.09 [27]
Norway 2007 5.48 0.49 0.11 0.09 0.45 0.129 [29]
Norway 2010 17.25 1.13 0.01 0.08 1.13 0.09 [28]
Canada 2007 7.50 0.38 0.01 0.02 0.90 0.2 [24]
with a wide feeding range (from diverse crustaceous to waters have higher Pb contents. The Pb content in fil(cid:2)
relatively large fishes [4]), has much higher Hg concen(cid:2) let of farmed salmon both from the Atlantic and east(cid:2)
trations (by an order of magnitude) than smaller short(cid:2) ern Pacific (Canada) is 0.02–0.15 µg/g, and increases
living pink and chum salmon consuming plankton. in muscles of salmon from the Kurile waters up to
Available data on the Atlantic salmon (farmed 0.45pm in male pink salmon and up to 0.78 ppm in
salmon) (Table 3) were compared with our data. Anal(cid:2) female chum.
ysis of the trace element composition of two salmon As has been already mentioned in [24], the concen(cid:2)
groups shows that the Pacific and Atlantic salmon have trations of the elements in wild salmon may reflect
almost identical Hg contents, although the lowest environmental geographical variations. This is typical
concentrations of this strictly regulated element were of not only salmon and other fishes, but also of other
found in the muscles of the Pacific pink salmon. inhabitants of aqueous and terrestrial environments.
Arsenic shows the most homogenous distribution in In spite of the apparent homogeneity of water masses,
wild Pacific salmon, varying from 0.89 ppm in pink there are marine and terrestrial biogeochemical prov(cid:2)
salmon to 1.36 ppm in chum. Among farmed salmon, inces, which are peculiar in the mineral composition
the widest variability (from 0.45 to 2.33 ppm) is of organisms [12, 25]. The Circum(cid:2)Pacific Fire Ring
observed in the fillet of Norwegian fishes, although including the volcanoes of the Kuril Islands, the
both salmon groups are characterized, on average, by Japan, and the southerly island arcs of the Western
sufficiently close As content. The Cd concentrations Pacific is the powerful source of geochemical effects
measured in different years in Norwegian fish differ by on the marine environment. Chemical elements are
an order of magnitude, varying from trace undeter(cid:2) supplied in the environment by under(cid:2) and above(cid:2)
minable amounts to 0.11 ppm. The Canadian and Ice(cid:2) water volcanism. For instance, the specific geochemi(cid:2)
land specimens also show a contrasting distribution of cal setting in coastal waters of a small, uninhabited
this element, although within one order of magnitude. coral island (Solomon Islands), which resulted in an
In terms of Cd content, Pacific salmon are between increase of the metal contents in the Caulerpa and
the Iceland and Canadian fishes. Halimeda algae, was caused by ash falls transferred from
The distribution pattern of Hg, As, and Cd in the Mbano volcano located 100 km of the island [26]. Post(cid:2)
fillet of Pacific and Atlantic salmon seems to be suffi(cid:2) volcanic processes daily supply kilograms of Fe, Mn,
ciently similar, whereas contents of three other ele(cid:2) Ag, Cu and other metals from their interiors. These
ments in fishes of different groups sharply differ and metals are dissolved in thermal waters and transferred
require a thorough analysis of reasons. by water streams [6].
The comparison of data from Tables 2 and 3 shows The Kuril–Kamchatka trench, supplying biogenic
that the Zn and Cu contents in fillet of farmed salmon [8] and other elements [5] owing to upwelling into top
are 5–10 times higher than those in the muscles of water layers, also serves as a source of the formation of
wild Pacific salmon. As noted above, Zn and Cu are impact geochemical zones in the northwestern Pacific.
tracers of the anthropogenic effect on the environ(cid:2) The study of heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb,
ment and biota. Undoubtedly, salmon grown in the Ni, and Cr) contents in brown algae, bivalves and gas(cid:2)
coastal zones are more affected by the shoaling pollu(cid:2) tropods inhabiting Kuril Icelands as well as those over(cid:2)
tion than those of open oceanic waters. A certain effect growing the navigation buoy along the entire north(cid:2)
is also exerted by man(cid:2)made feed, sometimes includ(cid:2) western Pacific coast repeatedly confirmed the exist(cid:2)
ing fresh(cid:2)water fish. The Norwegian fish, in any case, ence of marine biogeochemical provinces revealed
is affected by the Gulf Stream, a powerful stream that from elevated concentrations of elements in organisms
was born near the American coast, collects coastal [2, 3, 5, 13, 23].
runoff, and discharges near the Scandinavian coasts. The “fate” of trace elements in the ocean depends
It is seen that unlike farmed Atlantic salmon, the on their speciation in seawater. Dissolved metals play
wild Pacific pink salmon and chum caught in the Kuril an important role in the vital activity of plankton and
OCEANOLOGY Vol. 55 No. 5 2015
CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC SALMON 683
became available for phytoplankton. Trace elements Table 4. Multi(cid:2)year dynamics of the average annual biom(cid:2)
as particulate matter are incorporated in crystal lattice ass of microplankton in pelagial (0–1000 m) from different
of clay and detrital minerals of terrigenous material regions of Russian water, million tonnes [15]
(river runoff, atmospheric dust, coastal abrasion, and
Area 1980–1990 1991–1995 1996–2005
volcanism) as a silicate form. They are also incorpo(cid:2)
rated in the organic particulates as a biogenic form. Bering Sea 106 104 123
Planktonic organisms transform many dissolved ele(cid:2)
Sea of Okhotsk 434 396 362
ments into particulate matter by binding them in skel(cid:2)
Sea of Japan 55 72 55
etal units, accumulation for the tissue formation, and
transformation into organometallic compounds. The Kurile oceanic 226 221 231
death of organisms and their decomposition lead to waters
the return of the elements in water in dissolved form. Kamchatka oceanic 83 37 71
The content of particulate matter is usually maximum waters
in the top layer, especially in a zone of density jump, In total (0–1000 m) 904 830 822
which accumulates mainly biogenic particles. Trace
In total (0–200 m) 597 548 550
elements may also be absorbed in organic and terrige(cid:2)
nous particulates and micelle of iron and manganese
hydroxides in hydrogenic form.
Absorption on the surface of any small particles,
The latitudinal section through the zone of the
including mineral ones, leads to the “passive” removal
Peruvian upwelling demonstrates variations of metal
of Pb from the top layer and its gradual precipitation.
species proportions in particulate matter in the surface
The great amount of biogenic particulate matter and
waters with distance from the coast: silicate species are
Pb is formed in the zone enriched in nutrients,
dominated in the coastal zone, biogenic form reaches part
which are supplied by upwelling and volcanism. This
maximum abundance in the zone of the widest spread
zone is saturated in planktonic organisms (from nano
plankton development (rapidly decreases with depth),
to microplankton, intermediate and large cells of phy(cid:2)
while the maximum content of hydrogenic form is
toplankton to peaceful zooplankton) as well as pellets
observed in open waters [1].
and dead organisms.
The form of an element in oceanic water is deter(cid:2)
mined by its mobility; the higher its mobility the more The Kuril waters of the Pacific Ocean are well
the content of dissolved species. From river waters via known as one of the most productive regions of the
marginal seas to oceanic conditions, the mobility of all World Ocean. As follows from Table 4, these waters,
elements significantly increases, which is caused by the which are ascribed to the zone of specific biogeochem(cid:2)
precipitation of the predominant part of the river partic(cid:2) ical province, are second in productivity after the major
ulate matter and corresponding enrichment of oceanic fishing area of the Far East, the Sea of Okhotsk. Note
waters in dissolved forms of the elements. In oceanic that it has remained high for many years. With such an
pelagic zones, most elements (80–90%) occur almost abundance of macroplankton, the amount of fine parti(cid:2)
completely in dissolved forms [1]. cles that are able to absorb lead would be even higher
and differ by orders of magnitude. For this reason, lead
Samples of marine particulate matter in the top
absorbed as biogenic particulate matter is better incor(cid:2)
water layer were collected in eastern North Atlantic,
between 62° N and 5° S during June–August, 2003, porated in organisms of the higher trophic level: zoop(cid:2)
lankton, then nekton (its consumer), including mass
and analyzed for a wide range of elements by Barrett
fishes from the upper pelagial, in particular Pacific
etal. [17]. These studies revealed the intense precipi(cid:2)
salmon: pink salmon and chum.
tation of dust transferred by low(cid:2)latitude winds from
Sahara on the water surface between 10° and 20° N. Unlike benthic organisms leaving no habitats,
Aprevious study [19] found a significant anthropo(cid:2) salmon migrate for a long time over spacious oceanic
genic effect on the composition pf surface particulate basins. Correspondingly, it would be expected that
matter in the eastern Northern Atlantic. The highest specifics of the biogeochemical conditions in the
concentrations of all metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb) Kuril–Kamchatka region should not affect signifi(cid:2)
found between 45° and 60° N pointed to the industrial cantly their mineral composition. However, this is not
emission of aerosol sources in North America and the case. The Sea of Okhotsk shoals of pink salmon
Europe. and chum after migration of juveniles in the sea and
However, similar work has not been carried out in their almost one(cid:2)month residence in the estuary for
the Pacific Ocean, while data on oceanic particulate adoption to marine conditions gradually move to the
matter in surface waters are practically absent. Kuril Range, intersect it, and after fattening in the
The open ocean contains very low (even trace) high(cid:2)feed water basin in winter migrate further in the
concentrations of Pb and other trace elements (from 5 Polar front zone. With water heating and development
to 15 pmol/kg–1 [18]). However, this element is char(cid:2) of plankton, pink salmon gradually migrates north(cid:2)
acterized by very high sorption ability, i.e., affinity to ward, then again is fattened along the Kurils and
the surfaces of both living and dead organisms. Kuril–Kamchatka trench and via southern Kuril
OCEANOLOGY Vol. 55 No. 5 2015
684 KHRISTOFOROVA et al.
straits in summer enters the Sea of Okhotsk, travelling 2. V. Ya. Kavun and N. K. Khristoforova, “Role of mod(cid:2)
to spawning site. An even more spacious migration is ern volcanism and upwelling in formation of impact
typical of chum. After spending the winter, it moves to zones of heavy metals in coastal waters of the Kurile
the Commander–Aleutian trench, enters the deep(cid:2) Islands,” in Shallow Waters of Gas Hydrotherms and
Ecosystem of the Karetnaya Bay (Ushishir Volcano,
water western part of the Bering Sea and after feeding
Kurile Islands (Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy
migration in this zone descent along Kamchatka,
of Sciences, Vladivostok, 1991), Book 1, Part 2,
gradually moving to the Polar front for wintering.
pp.114–120.
Accomplishing no less than three migration cycles in
3. V. Ya. Kavun, N. K. Khristoforova, and V. M. Shul’kin,
the Bering Sea, this fish at last descends along feed
“Composition of microelements of tissues of the food
route via Kamchatka, the Kurils, the Kuril–Kam(cid:2)
mussels from coastal waters of Kamchatka and north(cid:2)
chatka trench, and, via the southern Kuril straits, ern Kurile Islands,” Ekologiya, No. 3, 53–59 (1989).
moves to the rivers of the Asian coast [15]. The specif(cid:2)
4. V. I. Karpenko, Assessment of Reserves and Control of
ics of the geochemical conditions during fish growth in
Commercial Fishery of Pacific Salmons in Kamchatka
the high(cid:2)feed Kuril–Kamchatka region enriched in (Kamchatka State Technological University, Petropav(cid:2)
biogenic particulate matter with high Pb content is lovsk(cid:2)Kamchatskii, 2013) [in Russian].
part
reflected in each salmon species. 5. T. M. Malinovskaya and N. K. Khristoforova, “Charac(cid:2)
teristics of coastal waters of Southern Kurile Islands on
the content of microelements in indicator organisms,”
CONCLUSIONS Biol. Morya (Vladivostok) 23 (4), 239–246 (1997).
6. E. K. Markhinin, Volcanism (Nedra, Moscow, 1985) [in
Thus, the wild Pacific salmon, namely pink salmon
Russian].
and chum, caught in the Kuril waters, meet the
7. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2012
requirements for the contents of regulated toxic ele(cid:2)
(Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, 2012).
ments (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in seafoods. The content
8. M. V. Propp and L. N. Propp, “Hydrochemical indices
of each of elements is lower than the maximum per(cid:2)
and concentration of chlorophyll a in coastal waters of
missible concentrations accepted in Russia. The
the Kurile Islands,” Biol. Morya (Vladivostok), No. 4,
revealed differences in element abundance between
68–70 (1988).
wild Pacific salmon and farmed Atlantic salmon are of
9. F. N. Rukhlov, Life Span of Pacific Salmons (Far Eastern
great scientific and practical interest. The higher Zn
Publishing House, Yuzhno(cid:2)Sakhalinsk, 1982) [in Rus(cid:2)
and Cu concentrations in farmed salmon and the sian].
higher Pb in pink and chum salmon from the Kuril
10. O. S. Temnykh, Doctoral Dissertation in Biology
waters are explained in the same way: geochemical
(TINRO(cid:2)Center, Vladivostok, 2004).
environmental conditions. But the impact condition
11. N. K. Khristoforova, Bioindication and Monitoring of
in the coastal waters, which is fixed by such tracers as
Pollution of Marine Waters by Heavy Metals (Nauka,
Zn and Cu, is caused by anthropogenic activity, while Leningrad, 1989) [in Russian].
impact zones in the Western Pacific waters are formed
12. N. K. Khristoforova, N. N. Bogdanova, and A. I. Obu(cid:2)
under the effect of natural factors: modern volcanism khov, “Concentration of some metals in soft tissues of
and upwelling. bivalve mollusk Tridacna squamosa near the tropic
Pacific related to habitat conditions,” Biol. Morya
(Vladivostok), No. 3, 67–73 (1979).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 13. N. K. Khristoforova and V. Ya. Kavun, “Monitoring of
water conditions of Far Eastern seas using the mussels
We are grateful to A.A. Lukashina, the Main Spe(cid:2)
in fouling of navigation buoys,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk
cialist of the “Okean” Test Center, the Far East Federal
SSSR 300 (5), 1274–1276 (1988).
University, for help in determination of trace elements
14. V. P. Shuntov and O. S. Temnykh, “New concepts on
in salmon. Yu.V. Prikhod’ko (Professor, Doctor Techn.
ecology of Pacific salmons in the seas,” in Conference in
Sci.) is thanked for providing analytical facilities. the Memory of V.Ya. Levanidov (Dal’nauka, Vladivos(cid:2)
V.P.Shuntov (Doctor Biol. Sci.) and V.M. Shul’kin tok, 2005), No. 3, pp. 13–25.
(Doctor Geogr. Sci.) are to be thanked for valuable
15. V. P. Shuntov and O. S. Temnykh, Pacific Salmons in
comments. Marine and Ocean Ecosystems (TINRO(cid:2)Center, Vladi(cid:2)
The work was supported by the Russian Science vostok, 2008) [in Russian].
Foundation, (project no. 14(cid:2)50(cid:2)00034) and Genzo 16. Á. M. Ásmundsdóttir, G. A. Auðunsson, and
Shimadzu. H.Gunnlaugsdóttir, “Undesirable substances in sea(cid:2)
food products – results from monitoring activities in
year 2004,” in Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories Report
33(cid:2)05 (Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories, Reykjavik,
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