COMPUTERSEmerging Technologies

294 Pages·2008·3.634 MB·English

by  Marvin V. Zelkowitz (Eds.)

Advances in
COMPUTERS
EmergingTechnologies
EDITEDBY
MARVIN V. ZELKOWITZ
DepartmentofComputerScience
UniversityofMaryland
CollegePark,Maryland
VOLUME73
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Contributors
AnnelieseAmschlerAndrewsisProfessorandChairoftheDepartmentofComputer
ScienceattheUniversityofDenver.Hercurrentresearchinterestsincludesoftware
testing,softwaredesign,softwaremaintenanceandempiricalsoftwareengineering.
Shehaspublishedover150researchpapersinrefereedsoftwareengineeringjournals
andconferences.Sheservesintheeditorialboardoffivesoftwareengineeringjour-
nalsandinmanyprogramcommitteesforconferences.ShereceivedaPhDdegreein
ComputerSciencefromDukeUniversity.
EloisaBentivegnaisaPh.D.studentinphysics(withaminorinhigh-performance
computing)atthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,StateCollege.ShereceivedanM.Sc.
inTheoreticalPhysicssummacumlaudefromUniversityofCatania,Italy,in2002.
Herresearchareasincludenumericalrelativityandcosmology.Shewasappointedas
aJohnArchibaldWheelerFellowin2006andhasbeenanEberlyCollegeofScience
DuncanFellowsince2003.
RalphF.Field has25yearsofexperienceineducationandprogrammanagement.
HehasbeenworkingfortheUniversityofMarylandUniversityCollege’sGraduate
SchoolofManagementandTechnologysince1995,whereheisanassociateprofes-
soratboththemastersanddoctorallevel.AtUniversityCollege,heistheProgram
Director for Not-for-Profit Management, Naval Operations and National Security,
ArmySustainingBaseManagement,JointMilitaryStrategy,PlanningandDecision
MakingandAirandSpaceStrategicStudies.Hehasperformedextensivefieldwork
in Botswana,Africa, as a Peace Corp. volunteer. He holds a PhD in Development
Sociology.
A.R.Hursonisthedepartmentchairandprofessorofthecomputersciencedepart-
ment at the university of Missouri-Rolla. Before his current appointment, he was
a Computer Science and Engineering professor at The Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity. His research for the past 25 years has been directed towards the design and
ix
x CONTRIBUTORS
analysis of general as well as special-purpose computer architectures. His research
hasbeensupportedbyNSF,NCRCorp.,DARPA,IBM,LockheedMartin,ONRand
PennStateUniversity.Hehaspublishedover250technicalpapersinareasincluding
database systems, multi-databases, global information-sharing processing, applica-
tion of mobile-agent technology and object-oriented databases, Mobile-computing
environmentandcomputerarchitectureparallelanddistributedprocessing.Heisthe
co-authoroftheIEEETutorialsonParallelArchitecturesforDatabaseSystems,Multi-
database Systems:AnAdvanced Solution for Global Information Sharing, Parallel
Architectures for Data/Knowledge Base Systems, and Scheduling and Load Balan-
cinginParallelandDistributedSystems.
HeservedasamemberoftheIEEEComputerSocietyPressEditorialBoard,anIEEE
distinguishedspeakerandeditorofIEEEtransactionsoncomputersandIEEE/ACM
ComputerSciencesAccreditationBoard.Currently,heisservingasanACMlecturer,
editorofJournalofPervasiveandMobileComputingandeditorofTheCSIJournal
ofComputerScienceandEngineering.
PeterKazanzidesreceivedtheB.Sc.,M.Sc.andPh.D.degreesinelectricalengineer-
ing from Brown University in 1983, 1985 and 1988, respectively. His dissertation
focusedonforcecontrolandmulti-processorsystemsforrobotics.Hebeganworkon
surgicalroboticsinMarch1989asapostdoctoralresearcherattheIBMT.J.Watson
ResearchCenterwithDr.RussellTaylor.Dr.Kazanzidesco-foundedIntegratedSur-
gicalSystems(ISS)inNovember1990tocommercializetherobotichipreplacement
research performed at IBM and the University of California, Davis.As Director of
RoboticsandSoftware,hewasresponsibleforthedesign,implementation,validation
andsupportoftheROBODOC®hardwareandsoftware.Dr.Kazanzidesjoinedthe
Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems andTech-
nology(CISSTERC)atJohnsHopkinsUniversityinDecember2002.Hecurrently
holds an appointment as an Assistant Research Professor of Computer Science at
JohnsHopkinsUniversity.
AlirezaMahdianiscurrentlyasecond-yearPhDstudentattheDepartmentofCom-
puter Science at the University of Denver. His current research interests include
software testing, software design and software maintenance. He received his BS
degreeinComputerEngineeringfromSharifUniversityofTechnology,Iran.
David F. Rico has been a systems engineer in support of the NSA, NRO, NASA,
DARPA, DISA, SPAWAR, USAF, NAVAIR, CECOM and MICOM for 20+ years.
He worked on NASA’s $20 billion space station in the 1980s, he worked for a
CONTRIBUTORS xi
$40billionJapanesecorporationinTokyointheearly1990sandheworkedonU.S.
Navy fighters such as the F-18, F-14 and many others. He’s been an international
keynotespeaker,haspublishednumerousarticlesandhascontributedtofivebooks
oncomputerscience.Heholdsabachelor’sdegreeincomputerscience,amaster’s
degreeinsoftwareengineeringandadoctoraldegreeininformationtechnology.
George Roussos holds a first degree in Pure Mathematics from the University of
Athens,anMScinNumericalAnalysisandComputingfromtheUniversityofMan-
chesterandaPhDinDistributedScientificComputingfromImperialCollege,where
hisstudiesweresupportedbyaMarieCurieFellowship.HeiscurrentlyaSeniorLec-
turerattheSchoolofComputerScienceandInformationSystems,BirkbeckCollege,
University of London, where he leads the pervasive computing lab. Before joining
BirkbeckCollegeasalecturer,heworkedastheResearchandDevelopmentManager
foramulti-nationalinformationtechnologycorporationinAthens,Greece,wherehe
was responsible for the strategic development of new IT products in the areas of
knowledge management and mobile internet; as an Internet security officer for the
MinistryofDefence,Athens,wherehedesignedtheHellenicarmedforcesInternet
exchangeanddomainnamesystems;andasaresearchfellowforImperialCollege,
London,whereheconductedresearchindistributedsystems.Heiscurrentlyinvesti-
gatingtheeffectsofsocialactivityonsystemarchitecturesandexploringmechanisms
tosupportnavigationandfindability.HeisamemberoftheACM,SIGMOBILE,the
IEEE,theIEEECommunicationsandtheIEEEComputerSociety.
HasanH.Sayani’sinterestslieininformationsystems,developmentofinformation
systems,lifecyclemethodsandtoolsandsemanticdatabasemanagementsystems.He
hastaughtattheUniversityofMaryland–CollegeParkintheInformationSystems
Management program. He also co-founded a commercial organization which built
systemsforvariouscommercialandgovernmentalorganizations.Hehasparticipated
invariousprofessional(e.g.,IEEE,ACM,CASE)andstandardizationorganizations
(e.g., ANS, CODASYL, DoD, CALS). He holds a BSE, MSE and PhD from the
UniversityofMichigan.
RussellH.Taylor receivedhisPh.D.inComputerSciencefromStanfordin1976.
HejoinedIBMResearchin1976,wherehedevelopedtheAMLrobotlanguageand
managedtheAutomationTechnologyDepartmentand(later)theComputer-Assisted
SurgeryGroupbeforemovingin1995toJohnsHopkins,whereheisaProfessorof
Computer Science, with joint appointments in Mechanical Engineering, Radiology
andSurgery,andisDirectoroftheNSFEngineeringResearchCenterforComputer-
Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology. He is the author of more than 200
xii CONTRIBUTORS
refereedpublications,aFellowoftheIEEEandAIMBandarecipientoftheMaurice
Müllerawardforexcellenceincomputer-assistedorthopaedicsurgery.
MarkWenstromreceivedhisB.S.degree(summacumlaude)incomputerscience
andengineeringfromBucknellUniversity,Lewisburg,in2005.HereceivedhisM.E.
degreeincomputerscienceandengineeringfromThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
StateCollege,onMay2007.
Preface
This is volume 73 of theAdvances in Computers. This series, which began pub-
lication in 1960, is the oldest continuously published anthology that chronicles the
everchanginginformationtechnologyfield.Inthesevolumes,wepublishfrom5to7
chaptersthatcoverthelatestchangestothedesign,development,useandimplications
ofcomputertechnologyonsocietytoday.Inthiscurrentvolume,subtitled‘Emerging
Technologies’,wediscussseveralnewadvancesincomputersoftwaregenerationas
wellasdescribenewapplicationsofthosecomputers.
Inthefirstchapter,‘Historyofcomputers,electroniccommerceandagilemeth-
ods’,D.F.Rico,H.H.SayaniandR.F.Fieldgiveanoverviewofvarioussoftware
developmenttechnologiesthathavebeenappliedduringthepast40years,withthe
goalofimprovingthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess.Thisincludesvariousmethods
suchasstructureddevelopmentmethods,reviews,object-orientedmethodsandrapid
development technologies. In this latter category, they spend the last third of their
chapterreviewingthecurrentdevelopmentandinterestinagilemethodsasameans
torapidlyproduceeffectiveprograms.
Anneliese Andrews and Alireza Mahdian in Chapter 2, ‘Testing with software
designs’,exploreimplicationsofUMLasanemergingdesignnotationforsoftware.
As they state in their chapter ‘Originally, designs in UML have been used to test
implementations against their design artifacts, but there are also testing techniques
thattestthedesignartifactsdirectly’.TheydiscusstechniqueswheredesignsinUML
canbeusedtotesttheunderlyingimplementation.
Chapter3‘Balancingtransparency,efficiencyandsecurityinpervasivesystems’,
byMarkWenstrom,EloisaBentivegnaandAliHursondealwiththeemergingcon-
cept of pervasive computing and its impact on resource management and security.
Thebasicgoalsofpervasivecomputingarethatcomputertechnologyisseamlessly
availablewheneverandwherevertheuserissituated.Butthisgoesagainstthesecurity
goalsofisolatingusersfrompotentiallymaliciousattacksbyunauthorizedindivid-
uals.Similarly,resourcesarenotuniformlydistributedthroughoutanenvironment,
althoughcomputingresourcesareexpectedtobeavailablewhenneeded.Inthischap-
ter,theauthorsdiscusshowthisgoaloftransparencyofcomputersaffectsefficiency
ofthesystemaswellassecurityconcerns.
xiii
xiv PREFACE
RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, is coming to a store near you.This is
the technology that cheaply tags products with unique identifiers that only need to
pass near a reading device rather than specifically being read by a scanner. With
this technology, products can be easily traced through the supply chain from the
manufacturer to the user. George Roussos in Chapter 4, ‘Computing with RFID:
drivers,technologyandimplications’,discussesthistechnology,howsupplychains
workinindustry,andbrieflygivesanoverviewofthebasictechnologyofitsoperation.
Inadditiontochangestoyourlocalsupermarketdescribedintheprecedingchap-
ter, robotic research will have an important impact on other aspects of everyday
life. One area of growing use of robot control is in medicine. In the final chapter,
Dr.RussellTaylorandDr.PeterKazanzidesdiscusstheuseofrobottechnologyin
medicine,specificallyComputer-IntegratedInterventionalMedicine(CIIM),where
roboticcontroltakesoversomeoralloftheaspectsofsurgery.
Ihopeyoufoundthisvolumetobeinteresting.Iamalwayslookingfornewand
different chapters and volume themes to use for future volumes. If you know of a
topicthathasnotbeencoveredrecentlyorareinterestedinwritingsuchachapter,
pleaseletmeknow.Iamalsoalwayslookingforqualifiedauthors.Ifinterested,Ican
[e-mail]andIlookforward
toproducingthenextoneinthislong-runningseries.
MarvinZelkowitz
UniversityofMaryland
CollegePark,Maryland
History of Computers,
Electronic Commerce and
Agile Methods
DAVID F. RICO
HASAN H. SAYANI
Graduate School of Management andTechnology
University of Maryland University College
RALPH F. FIELD
Graduate School of Management andTechnology
University of Maryland University College
Abstract
Thepurposeofthischapteristopresentaliteraturereviewrelevanttoastudy
ofusingagilemethodstomanagethedevelopmentofInternetwebsitesandtheir
subsequentquality.Thischapterplaceswebsitequalitywithinthecontextofthe
$2.4 trillion U.S. electronic commerce industry. Thus, this chapter provides a
history of electronic computers, electronic commerce, software methods, soft-
warequalitymetrics,agilemethodsandstudiesonagilemethods.Noneofthese
histories are without controversy. For instance, some scholars begin the study
oftheelectroniccomputerbymentioningtheemergenceoftheSumeriantext,
Hammurabi code or the abacus. We, however, will align our history with the
emergenceofthemodernelectroniccomputeratthebeginningofWorldWarII.
Thehistoryofelectroniccommercealsohaspoorlydefinedbeginnings.Some
studiesofelectroniccommercebeginwiththewidespreaduseoftheInternetin
theearly1990s.However,electroniccommercecannotbeappreciatedwithout
establishingadeepercontext.Fewscholarlystudies,ifany,havebeenperformed
onagilemethods,whichisthebasicpurposeofthisliteraturereview.Thatis,
toestablishthecontexttoconductscholarlyresearchwithinthefieldsofagile
methodsandelectroniccommerce.
1
ADVANCESINCOMPUTERS,VOL.73 Copyright©2008ElsevierInc.
ISSN:0065-2458/DOI:10.1016/S0065-2458(08)00401-4 Allrightsreserved.
2 D.F.RICOETAL.
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. HistoryofComputersandSoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. ElectronicComputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. ProgrammingLanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3. OperatingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. PackagedSoftware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5. InternetandWWW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. HistoryofElectronicCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. ElectronicCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Second-GenerationElectronicCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Third-GenerationElectronicCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4. Fourth-GenerationElectronicCommerce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5. Mid-Fourth-GenerationElectronicCommerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. HistoryofSoftwareMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1. DatabaseDesign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2. AutomaticProgramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3. SoftwareProjectManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.4. EarlyUserInvolvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.5. StructuredMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.6. FormalMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.7. SoftwareLifeCycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.8. SoftwareReviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.9. Object-OrientedMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.10. SoftwareTesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.11. SoftwareEnvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.12. SoftwareQualityAssurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.13. SoftwareProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.14. RapidDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.15. SoftwareReuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.16. SoftwareArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.17. AgileMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. HistoryofSoftwareQualityMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1. SoftwareSize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2. SoftwareErrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3. SoftwareAttributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.4. StaticDefectModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.5. SoftwareComplexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27